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Anopheles Quadrimaculators Vectors

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Anopheles Quadrimaculators Vectors
Anopheles Quadrimaculators Vectors: Organochloride DDT and Global Malaria Paper on Organochloride’s Effect on Global Malaria

Dr. Stephanie P. McCallum Ed.D. Environmental Health Public Health 8165 -1 October 4, 2011

Abstract

Organochlorides, as identified on the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, (ASTDR) have been effective in the eradication of Malaria in the Third World countries. Malaria, as a vector driven disease, causes a severe falciparum infection. Malaria is seriously affecting Third World countries. Millions of people are dying. The measurement of annual parasite indexes ( API) determines the true growth in Malaria incidence in South American and the Sub-saharan Africa. The exponential decrease in morbidity and mortality after the organochloride Dichlorodiphenytrichloethan (DDT). CAS 50- 29- 3, was evident in every country affected by malaria. Malaria is a silent killer. DDT, a trichlo-ethane pesticide was widely used to control Anopheles Quadrimaculators Vectors by reducing the mosquito-transmitted infections. The breeding habitats of adult anopheles (mosquitoes) were eliminated. DDT is a persistent, toxic, white crystalline solid organochloride. DDT is a long lasting pesticide used effectively during WWII with the military, and later used to eradicate malaria in the United States. Persistent Organic Pollutants leech into the human diet by, direct application, contaminated waste



References: Apperson, C.S. LanzaroG.C., 1991. Comparison of host feeding patterns between Anopheles Quadrimacalatus sibling species A and B. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 7 : 507-508. Biscoe, M. L.; Mutero, C. M.; Kramer, R. A. 2005. Current policy and status of DDT use for malaria control in Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya and South Africa Carpenter S.J., LaCasse, W.J., 1955. Mosquitos of North America ( North of Mexico) Berkeley University of California Press. Cohn, B. ( 2007). DDT Breast Cancer: Environmental Reproductive Toxicology. 2011. Apr. 31 (3) 302-311. Eaton, D. L, and Klaassen, C. D. (2001). Principles of Toxicology. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 6th ed Jensen T, Kaiser PE, Barnard DR. 1994. Adaptation to intermittently flooded swamps by Anopheles quadrimaculatus species C1 (Diptera: Culicidae). Environmental Entomology 23: 1150-1154. Kramer VL, Gargia G, Colwell AE Munthali, A. 2005. Managing Malaria in Under- Five Children in a rural Malawian Village. Nordic Journal of African Studies. 14( 2) 127-146. University of Malawi, Zomba. Oduola, Adedayo. 1937. Polymarase Chain Reaction AGambie ( Kdr) Molecular Metabolic Resistence Mechanisms. Salazar- Garcia, et al, ( 2004) Reproduction Effect of DDT on Male Maleria Control Workers. Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, Toluca. doi 10: 1016/S0140-6736( 03) 13776. Warrell,D.A., Gilles, H.M. Eds. 2007. Essential Mariiologgy. Fourth Edition Duke University Abstract. 2007. dukespace.lib.duke/dspace/mp_emb12_a_052007pdf.

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