Hypo Sludge
UTILIZATION OF HYPO SLUDGE WASTE FROM PAPER INDUSTRY
IN THE PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE
A Project Study Presented to the
Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental & Sanitary Engineering
College of Engineering, Architecture, Fine Arts & Computing Sciences
Batangas State University
Batangas City
In Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
By:
Belegal, Adrian M.
Kano, Marikar A.
Lising, Jerick A.
October 2012
Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES iv CHAPTER I 1 INTRODUCTION 1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4 NULL HYPOTHESES 5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 7 DEFINITION OF TERMS 8 CHAPTER II 11 CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE 11 RELATED LITERATURE 31 SYNTHESIS 34 CHAPTER III 36 RESEARCH DESIGN 36 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS 38 PREPARATION OF MATERIALS 41 TESTING OF MATERIALS 43 MIXING AND PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN 43 DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 44 DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH 45 STATISTICAL TREATMENT 45 FLOW OF THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 47
LIST OF TABLES TABLE No. | TITLE | 1 | Classes of Aggregates | 2 | Composition of Portland cement with chemical composition and weight percentage | 3 | A table of admixtures and their functions | 4 | Properties of Raw Hypo Sludge | 5 | Properties of Hypo Sludge as Cement Ingredient | 6 | Comparison of Cement and Hypo Sludge | 7 | Number of Specimens Tested for Compression | 8 | Number of Test Specimens for Flexural Strength Test At 14 Days Curing Period |
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE No. | TITLE | 1 | Conceptual Paradigm of the Study | 2 | A flow diagram of Portland cement production | 3 | Schematic diagram of rotary kiln | 4 | Schematic illustration of the pores in calcium silicate through different stages of hydration | 5 | Rate of heat evolution during the hydration of Portland cement | 6 | Schematic drawings to demonstrate the relationship between the
IN THE PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE
A Project Study Presented to the
Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental & Sanitary Engineering
College of Engineering, Architecture, Fine Arts & Computing Sciences
Batangas State University
Batangas City
In Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
By:
Belegal, Adrian M.
Kano, Marikar A.
Lising, Jerick A.
October 2012
Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES iv CHAPTER I 1 INTRODUCTION 1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4 NULL HYPOTHESES 5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 7 DEFINITION OF TERMS 8 CHAPTER II 11 CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE 11 RELATED LITERATURE 31 SYNTHESIS 34 CHAPTER III 36 RESEARCH DESIGN 36 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS 38 PREPARATION OF MATERIALS 41 TESTING OF MATERIALS 43 MIXING AND PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN 43 DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 44 DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH 45 STATISTICAL TREATMENT 45 FLOW OF THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 47
LIST OF TABLES TABLE No. | TITLE | 1 | Classes of Aggregates | 2 | Composition of Portland cement with chemical composition and weight percentage | 3 | A table of admixtures and their functions | 4 | Properties of Raw Hypo Sludge | 5 | Properties of Hypo Sludge as Cement Ingredient | 6 | Comparison of Cement and Hypo Sludge | 7 | Number of Specimens Tested for Compression | 8 | Number of Test Specimens for Flexural Strength Test At 14 Days Curing Period |
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE No. | TITLE | 1 | Conceptual Paradigm of the Study | 2 | A flow diagram of Portland cement production | 3 | Schematic diagram of rotary kiln | 4 | Schematic illustration of the pores in calcium silicate through different stages of hydration | 5 | Rate of heat evolution during the hydration of Portland cement | 6 | Schematic drawings to demonstrate the relationship between the