IO 3
3.0 GOVERNANCE INNOVATIONS IN THE 19th CENTURY
In the 19thC, commerce and trade among the European countries and between European states and their colonies expanded and inter-state relations became more frequent and more intense. Ideas for a more international approach to governance were proposed. In a pioneering textbook on international organization, Swords into Plowshares, 1964, Inis L. Claude describes three major innovations of governance that emerged in the 19th C:
i) The Concert of Europe ii) Public International Unions iii) The Hague Conferences
3.1 The Concert of Europe
This was a concert of major powers that met to make system-wide decisions by negotiations and consensus. It was a kind of informal Intergovernmentalism. The powers agreed to coordinate behavior based on certain rights and responsibilities with expectations of reciprocity. They operated as separate states and societies, but within a framework of rules and consultations without creating a formal organization.
The Concert of Europe was established in 1815 (the Vienna Congress) to involve the practice of multilateral meetings rather than bilateral diplomacy among the leaders of the major European powers for the purpose of settling problems and coordinating actions. They met over 30 times in the century preceding WWI and constituted a club of the like-minded, dictating the conditions of entry for other would-be participants. Some of their resolutions included the legitimization of the independence of new European states such as Belgium from Netherlands in 1830 and Greece from Turkey (Ottoman Empire) in 1829. At the last of the Concert meetings, which took place in Berlin in 1878, the European powers divided up the previously uncolonized parts of Africa, extending the reach of European imperialism.
The Concert meetings were not institutionalized but they solidified important practices that later international organizations followed. These included multilateral consultations, collective
In the 19thC, commerce and trade among the European countries and between European states and their colonies expanded and inter-state relations became more frequent and more intense. Ideas for a more international approach to governance were proposed. In a pioneering textbook on international organization, Swords into Plowshares, 1964, Inis L. Claude describes three major innovations of governance that emerged in the 19th C:
i) The Concert of Europe ii) Public International Unions iii) The Hague Conferences
3.1 The Concert of Europe
This was a concert of major powers that met to make system-wide decisions by negotiations and consensus. It was a kind of informal Intergovernmentalism. The powers agreed to coordinate behavior based on certain rights and responsibilities with expectations of reciprocity. They operated as separate states and societies, but within a framework of rules and consultations without creating a formal organization.
The Concert of Europe was established in 1815 (the Vienna Congress) to involve the practice of multilateral meetings rather than bilateral diplomacy among the leaders of the major European powers for the purpose of settling problems and coordinating actions. They met over 30 times in the century preceding WWI and constituted a club of the like-minded, dictating the conditions of entry for other would-be participants. Some of their resolutions included the legitimization of the independence of new European states such as Belgium from Netherlands in 1830 and Greece from Turkey (Ottoman Empire) in 1829. At the last of the Concert meetings, which took place in Berlin in 1878, the European powers divided up the previously uncolonized parts of Africa, extending the reach of European imperialism.
The Concert meetings were not institutionalized but they solidified important practices that later international organizations followed. These included multilateral consultations, collective