Males Who Join Gangs

Table of Content

Introduction ………………………. ………………………..3 a) Problem Statement b) Significance
Literature Review…………………………………………... 7 a) History……………………... ………………………..8 b) Youth Gangs ……………………………………...... 11 c) Gang Breakdown…………………………………… 14
Why do Males Join Gangs……………………………….... 16 a) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs……………………. 17
Personal Interview……………………………………….... 22
Effects of Gangs…………………………………………... 24
Conclusion and Recommendations………………………... 25
References………………………………………………… 26

Introduction

The dramatic change and increase in gang activity, has left those to wonder, why they do it? Gang memberships provide and enhance prestige and status. Gangs provide other attractive opportunities such as the chance for excitement many youth see themselves as making a rational choice in deciding to join a gang; they see personal advantages to gang membership, for some youth, gangs provide a way of solving social adjustment problems, particularly the trials and tribulations of adolescence.

According to The National Youth Gang Surveys, there are approximately 24,500 gangs in the U.S. in 2007 according to the youth gang survey there were750, 000 gang members; by the year 2009 gang memberships had increased by 25%, making it One million gang members in 2009. (Egley, A., June 2005). The common age of gang members is from 14- 21 years of age. Gang members however can be as young as 8 years old or as old as their mid 30’s, some could be older. Recruitment into gangs usually starts in middle school where the ages range from 10 to 13. 90% to 94% of gang members are males. There are just about 360,000 teenage boys and 560,000 adult males. 80% of male gang members are incarcerated. 90,000 boys are in some kind of detention facility, work camp, residential placement or correctional facility. 9 out of 10 boys in detention have some level of gang affiliation. (Egley, A., June 2005) Every city in the U.S. with at least 250,000 people has gang activity. 86% of those with at least 100,000 people report gang activity. Some 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs with about 1.4 million members are criminally active in the U.S. today. Many are sophisticated and well organized; all use violence to control neighborhoods and boost their illegal money-making activities, which include robbery, drug and gun trafficking, fraud, extortion, and prostitution rings. There are a number of different factors that lead to gang involvement. 68%- 78% of Incarcerated gang members have emotional and learning disabilities. (David, M.Osher. 2005); other factors include school failure and truancy, Not being involved in positive activities after school, having and knowing friends who are delinquents, having early age involvement in petty theft, and behavioral disorders in grade school, or low income. According to surveys of crime victims, gang members commit about 6% of non-fatal violent crime, or 370,000 out of 6.6 million violent crimes in the U.S. (Egley, A., June 2005)

A gang is a group of teens and young adults that hang out together and are involved in joint violent, illegal, or criminal activity (wisegeek.com). They generally give themselves a common name or symbol, and they often choose to wear a certain type of clothing or to display some other identifying item. Juveniles that are in gangs are more likely to commit serious and violent crimes. Gangs differ from one another, some can be highly organized and heavily involved in drug sales, others can be small and loosely organized, and have little or no involvement in drug sales. Some of these gangs are divided into informal cliques or subgroups (OJJDP 2012).

Problem Statement

Male Juveniles who join gangs usually grow up in neighborhoods in which the level of social amalgamation is low. Among family variables, poverty, absence of biological parents, low parental attachment to the child and low parental supervision, can all increase the probability of gang membership. School can have significant risk factors towards male gang membership (Bilchick 1998). Low expectations for success in school by the parent and student, low student commitment to school, and low attachment to teachers along with school factors can contribute to gang membership as well. Associating with delinquent friends and hanging out with these delinquent friends are a potent combination. There are a great number of individual risk factors such as low self esteem, numerous negative life events, depressive symptoms and easy access to drugs or favorable views towards drug use. Finally male youth who use drugs and are involved in delinquency particularly violent delinquency are more likely to become gang members than are youth who are less involved in delinquency and drug use. Being a male, feeling unsafe in the neighborhood, and residing in a poor family put youth at high risk for gang involvement, regardless of other community, family, school, or peer risk factors (Kosterman et al., 1996). However, the greater the number of risk factors to which youth are exposed, the greater their risk of joining a gang in adolescence.

Gangs and youth gangs have taken peer pressure to the next level According to research and studies, males are responsible for majority of gang-related crime, specifically violent offenses. Female gang crimes only comprise around 5 percent or fewer of all reported gang crime. One of the possible contributing factors for this is the fact that ratio of male gang members to females is 20 to 1(OJJDP 2012)...Members sometimes remain in gangs longer to be able to engage in various criminal acts for money. Tremendous gang violence is often committed by older teens and young adult gang member. The average age for gang offenders is 17 or 18. The average age of those who commit gang related homicide is 19 or 20. Drug offenses are the most common offenses by gang members, both male and female. Around one-half of female gang members and three-fourth of the male gang members had sold cocaine at some point (Egley, A., June 2005)

Gang problems have infiltrated towns throughout the United States criminal activities particularly drug trafficking has increased and become one of the basic activities of the gangs. Due to this, gangs have become a threat to the peace and order of communities. Dealing with gangs of today wear colors or particular types of clothing and come from every ethnicity, Asian, Black Afro-American, Hispanic, and White Caucasian (OJJDP 2012). They use various nick names to identify themselves. They use drugs and alcohol. They conduct criminal activity to include assaults and murder. The gangs of today did not originate any of these identifiers or criminal activities. They have simply increased and expanded that which was required to be a gang banger of yesteryear.

There are three major types of street gangs, defined by factors such as prerequisites for inclusion, location and gang activity. Ethnic gangs define themselves by the nationality or race of the gang member. Turf gangs identify themselves by the territory that they control; the gang members themselves usually live within this territory. Prison gangs arise when gang members go to prison (OJJDP 2012).

Gang members are exposed to gangs at a very young age. Gangs intentionally recruit children and use them to carry weapons and drugs or commit other crimes. Only a few gangs have far-reaching influences and run like a business. These can be referred to as your super gangs(OJJDP 2012). For the most part, a street gang has a rough pecking order based on experience members who have spent time in jail or have participated in serious crimes get the most respect. However, age often divides gangs into groups, with senior groups, junior groups and younger initiates. Senior members do not always have leadership over the younger groups, though it all depends on street status.

Significance

This research will help to determine why male juveniles join gangs. Research will examine male juvenile delinquency in terms of the relevance of standard theories of delinquency, the nature, extent and trends in male delinquency; male delinquency in the context of social roles, gender socialization, and male life experiences; and issues delinquent males experience within the justice system, and why male delinquent join gangs.

Literature Review

HISTORY

Gangs began in the United States around the time of the Industrial Revolution, when people left their rural homes for the city. There was inadequate housing and few jobs available, so the unemployed turned to crime to survive. After a short period time, individuals found safety in larger numbers. People began to band together, thus forming gangs. Early gangs were made up of the poorest people usually Irish, Italian, and Polish. Gangs flourished and continued to grow well into the 1950s. Generally, gangs fought in large groups and covered large territories. They were very well disciplined. Their weapons consisted of bats, chains, and fists. Gangs diminished in size in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but reappeared in the late 1970s tougher and more violent than ever. Today, the majority of gangs are comprised of young people seeking attention and interaction not found within their immediate family. In the early 1900’s America was still in its start up phases and hadn’t secured an established street gang program. Many of the gang members at that time were nothing but immigrants and homeless beggars. During the early 1900’s gangs were nothing but a collection of bearded guys and sullied children. Since the majority of the population was covered in mud and grunge from the local coal mills. During this time it was very hard to distinguish between the regular folk and the gang members, and gang warfare was nearly impossible. Throughout this period there wasn’t much to do so gangs just stood around loitering.

1920’s-1940’s gang war began to migrate foreign and non American countries began to export their most proficient criminals ensuring that the United States had a steady supply of Tommy gun purchasers. Gang bosses from Ireland and Italy began to take over the streets of New York, and Chicago. Gang members choose colorful and intensely nicknames because their last names were so highly foreign. Crime of choice throughout this time was extortion street gangs would threaten to burn down a local store if he didn’t agree to pay them a certain amount of money. Import and Export business. While not a crime in itself, the import / export business was simply a cover for a wide range of illegal activities (OJJDP 2008).

Booze and gambling which mainly took place in the earlier 1900’s. The government decided that not enough people were worried about foreign policy and various wars overseas, so they began to tax alcohol. Gangbangers began to realize that they could begin manufacturing booze and selling at a ridiculously high prices.

The second generation of gangs were born and raised in America. This generation wasn 't as concerned with producing crimes as they were with looking cool. This was during the 1940’s -1960’s.

1960’s-1980’s this was known as the era of the pimp. The gangs of this time were generally known as being much cooler than the ones of previous generations. The pimp street gangsters dressed a lot cooler, had a hipper attitude, and were the first gang members to actively hit women when they got obnoxious, or didn’t do what was asked of them. The gang crime of choice around this time was, disturbing the peace and prostitution

1980’s to now according to the news reports and television this is the Era where serious violent crime exists. Crime of choice varies from murder, theft, drug cartel, prostitution, identity theft.etc (OJJDP 2012).

Youth Gangs

Youth gangs originated in Europe, the earliest record of their appearance in the United States was as early as 1783, ending the American Revolution. Youth gangs emerged spontaneously after the Mexican migration to the Southwest after the Mexican Revolution. Youth gangs grew out of the difficulties Mexican encountered with social and cultural adjustments to the American way of life under extremely poor conditions in Southwest. Gangs appear to have spread in New England in the early 1800 's as the Industrial Revolution gained momentum in the first large cities in the United States: New York, Boston, and Philadelphia (OJJDP 2008)

Youth gangs begin to flourish in Chicago and other big cities during industrial era, In earlier American History Gangs as a whole seem to be most violent and most visible during periods of rapid population shifts. The United States has seen four distinct periods of gang growth and peak activity; the late 1800’s the 1920’s and 60’s and the 1900’s to present time (Egley, A., June 2005)

In modern era youth gangs are influenced by the trends of the 70’s and80’s because there increased mobility as well as having more access to more lethal weapons. Youth gangs in the 80’sand 90’s have younger and older members with records or tides to prison inmates (Miller 1992). Youth gangs have access to more weapons of greater lethality use alcohol, drug more extensively and are more involved in drug trafficking. (Miller 1992, National Drug Intelligence Center 1995). The crack cocaine pandemic that began in the mid 80’s appears to have transformed some youth gangs into capitalist organizations. Some youth groups, many of which are not considered bona fide gangs, are not seriously involved in illegal activities and provide mainly social opportunities for their membership. Some gangs seldom use drugs and alcohol, and some have close community ties.

August 1998 OJJDP overview states that the number of cities with gang problems increased from an estimated 286 jurisdiction with more than 2,000 gangs andnearly100,000 members in 1980 (Miller 1992). There was a rise to about 4,800 jurisdictions with more than 31,000 and approximately 846,000 gang members by 1996 (Miller 1992).

Based on highlights of the National youth gang survey violent crime and property crime rates have declined significantly over the past decade. However the continued existence of gangs and gang activity which are often connected with violence and serious crimes, decline in crime gang violence continues at high levels in some cities. growing concern arise in America regarding influences by Central America on U.S gang activity specifically, that illicit gang activities that occur there will accelerate illegal immigration, drug and human smuggling, extortion, and trafficking in persons and weapons to the United States (Miller 1992).

Gang activity can be socially motivated and include parties or dances, and athletic events. Members of gangs usually share the same feelings and ideologies and are seldom delinquent. Delinquent gang members engage extensively in property offenses and in serious crimes they are sometimes termed as serious delinquent. Violence in gangs is extremely common and is done for gratification or retribution. Based on research modern gangs main motivation of existences is drugs and territory (Miller 1992).

The average age of gang affiliation is about 17 to 18 years of age. Ages of gang connection are a lot older in cities in which gangs have been of existence longer such as Chicago, Los Angeles. The typical age is 12 to24; younger members are becoming more common it is the older membership that has increased the most. Male gang members outnumber female by a wide periphery and is greater in late adolescence than in early adolescence. Gangs can vary in size by the type of gang traditional gangs average about 180 members whereas specialty gangs average only about 25 members In large cities, some gangs number in the thousands and even tens of thousands .

The earlier 19th century, youth gangs were primarily Irish, Jewish and Italian, but according to a National law enforcement survey the ethnicity of gang membership is 48 percent African American, 43 percent Hispanic and 35 percent white and the Asians being the minorities coming in at 4 percent.(Egley 2010). Modern day youth groups are primary located in lower class, slum, ghetto, barrio or a changing working class population. It has not yet been stamped that class, poverty, culture, race, or ethnicity or social change per se primarily accounts for gang problems.

Gang Breakdown

Each offenses is related to a different racial/ethics youth gangs. Hispanic gangs are more into turf related violence. African American is more relatively into drug offense. The gang provides family-like relationships for adolescents who feel isolated, drifting between their native and adopted cultures and feeling alienated from both Hispanic gangs have strong links to the neighborhood, or barrio, which tie them to the larger culture; much of their violence is related to defense of neighborhood turf. In contrast, African-American gangs in large cities tend to replace traditional social networks that linked youth with legitimate work opportunities. These gangs tend to be involved in entrepreneurial activities more than other ethnic/racial gangs and may change from scavenger groups to turf gangs and drug-trafficking gangs. Use of violence to protect their neighborhoods or gang turf from rival gangs is also a predominant goal in Chicago, San Diego, and Saint Louis. Chicago is said to have about 132 gangs, with an estimated membership of 30,000 to 50,000 hardcore gang members. Members of Chicago 's four largest and most criminally active gangs, the Black Gangster Disciples Nation, the Latin Disciples, the Latin Kings, and the Vice Lords, number about 19,000 and account for two-thirds of all gang-motivated crimes and for more than half of the city 's gang-motivated homicides In gangs of such violence is rarely planned and generally occurs spontaneously. Numerous ways of classifying gangs other than by ethnicity have been devised, although the gangs ' density, variations, and changing formation virtually rebel static categories. One way of viewing gangs is along a range of degree of organization from youth groups who hang out together in shopping malls and other places; to criminal groups, small clusters of friends who band together to commit crimes such as fencing operations; to street gangs composed of groups of adolescents and young adults who form a partly structured operation and engage in delinquent and criminal behavior; to adult criminal organizations that engage in criminal activity primarily for economic reasons. The latter, also called criminal gangs, are not considered youth gangs. Distinguishing among these various forms of gangs is often not easy; in some areas, groups may evolve from less formal to more formal organizations along this continuum.

Why Do Males Join Gangs

Males who join gangs, have reasons that vary from wanting to have a good time to perusing capitalist ventures that may require a considerable commitment to delinquent or criminal activity. Within the gang, they find identity, security, companionship, and a sense of belonging they never knew at home. Still other youths join gangs merely for survival or protection from other gangs. The gang may also represent a way to succeed and obtain material possessions that the youth would not otherwise have. Young men form gangs to acquire companionship, gain peer respect, also to act out biases and express cultural identity. Gang involvement is a common occurrence in both rural and urban communities across the U.S. Joining a gang is like entering enemy territory. Belonging to a gang is like being in a war zone, where beatings and shootings happen all the time.

Based on a prospective study gang entry has been broken down into two major competing models have been proposed to explain gang entry. Selection Theories suggest that some youth join gangs because birds of a feather flock together. Youth that already engage in antisocial behavior are hypothesized to be more likely to join together in gangs. Socialization theories suggest that youth who join gangs are socialized into antisocial behavior during or after gang entry. Gang members are more likely to come from lower socioeconomic status and single parent families, that provide harsh discipline and inadequate supervision and they are more likely to have delinquent friends and to attend schools with members of gangs (Lahey 1999).

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory says each of us is motivated by needs. Our most basic needs are inborn, having evolved over tens of thousands of years. Abraham Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs helps to explain how these needs motivate us all. Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself (Mcleod 2007). Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied are we concerned with the higher order needs of influence and personal development. Conversely, if the things that satisfy our lower order needs are swept away, we are no longer concerned about the maintenance of our higher order needs.

Maslow’s Hierarchy Needs is an excellent model for understanding human motivation and indefinite why males join gangs. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs begins with biological and psychological needs such as basic life needs such as air, food ,drink, warmth, sex etc. studies show that Most gang entry is the cause of not having biological needs met. Research shows that youth who join gangs are more likely to be of African American heritage disproportionately from neighborhoods with high availability to drugs and were families with high numbers of changes in family structure and with family management problems (Mcleod 2007).

Psychological needs for the most part are oblivious. Psychological needs are literal requirements for human survival in such senses; for most gang members that is not there reality. Gang Members who come from families that are inoperative and lack structure, have high drug profiles, domestic violence, and or being separated from biological families as a whole, either by death or government circumstances, suffer from the lack of psychological needs being met. Safety needs are physical needs that relatively satisfy individuals as a whole safety and security needs include personal security, finical security, Health and well being.

In connection to gang evolvement, when certain needs are not being provided it is natural to go out and seek them. Gangs for male delinquent provide that since of self actualization, that in their opinions can’t be found anywhere else Gelabert (2002). Gangs provide an instantaneous promise of belonging to something. Gang loyalty depends on members trading individualism for community. For a lonely person lacking self actualization, the feeling of belonging is can be very powerful.Unexpectedly, they don’t feel alone anymore. Gang becomes mother, father, brother and friend. Family, friends, church, sports, academics, and hobbies are suddenly set aside, as commitment to the gang is all overshadowing. Gangs sustain a sense of mystery and privacy, and this is extremely appealing to young people. Gangs operate outside the law, the absolute excitement and mystery neighboring gang life is a huge draw for young people. Gelabert (2002). It is human nature to want to be in the know and to be privy to inside information makes people feel important. Gang members have secret hand signals, tattoos, neighborhood graffiti and colors that show everybody that they belong.

Gang membership and affiliation use money as an easy lure for youth join gangs money is a powerful incentive for anyone, but to a child or younger teen it is pretty much irresistible. In fulfillment to Maslow’s Hierarchy Theory gangs provide and complete the need for security.

Gangs come into existence because of the needs of youth and older adolescences in a neighborhood or culture or family are not being met the gang, in essence fills the void (Mcleod 2007). According to Maslow, as each lower need is satisfied, the next level becomes dominant with self-actualization being the ultimate goal. Where a need is absent, movement to the next level is impeded. From this point of view, lacking a sense of security at home or in school, a youth may join with similarly situated youths who provide the needed security. Absent a sense of belonging at home or at school, a youth may join with similarly situated youths for mutual support, acceptance, and friendship. The same situation may develop in order to satisfy the other higher level needs.

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Gangs are an adaptive social instrument for satisfying the needs of some youth which are not, or cannot be, met through conventional and socially adequate avenues. Gangs form to satisfy needs which are going unmet in the families, schools, and neighborhoods in which they live or which are supposed of as occupied to the youths who join them. The multi contributory outlook on gangs Maslow suggests that four community conditions often pave the way the transition from typical adolescent groupings to established youth gangs. First, conventional socializing agents, such as families and schools, are largely ineffective and alienating. Under these conditions, conventional adult supervision is largely absent. Second, the adolescents must have a great deal of free time that is not consumed by other healthy social development roles. Third, for the gang to become established, members must have limited access to appealing conventional career lines; that is, good adult jobs. Finally, the young people must have a place to congregate such a well defined neighborhood (U Johnson 1995)

Low self esteem is a highly cause of gang affiliation and membership among male delinquents (U Johnson 1995) Gangs provide various opportunities, for male youth with low self esteem to build positive self esteem through the reputation of the gang, positive association with one another in the gang, gang related accomplishments, and by gaining power over others as a result of their gang affiliation. The development of low self esteem in a child may be the result of detrimental experiences at school, encounters in an abusive home, or as a result of negative experiences with peers (U Johnson 1995).

While some gang members present themselves with some bravado, think highly of themselves and proud of what they have become, some youth who join gangs suffer from a negative self image (U Johnson 1995). Opportunities to feel good about themselves in their family or at school were few and far between.

Children who have acquired a negative self-concept and low self-esteem in their formative years then go to school and have the potential of eliciting similar negative responses from teachers and peers (U Johnson 1995). It is, in many cases, a self-fulfilling divination. When the child starts going to school he acts like a bad person and school officials and peers begin to deal with him or her as a bad person.

Personal Related Interview

Growing up In South East Washington, DC, as a child, my perception on life was simple, “get it, get it, by any means necessary”. Being the oldest of five male siblings, was a job within its self. I always felt that no matter what I did or got myself into, good or bad; I must always remain faithful and loyal to my brothers. My mother was hard working single parent of five. My mother only had one good support system, which was her mother. As far as my father is concerned I am at age now, where I am able to except my circumstances. There are times that I do wish I could have met him. As a male growing up in an environment, where you can be easily influenced, by the dope man, or the stick up man; without the proper influence of a father or father figure, can be a major setback in life. My father could be anybody I see on the streets every day.

Being in a situation where you feel like you have so much on your shoulders at such a young age can be very stressful. I was the oldest of five, and my mother was a struggling single parent. I asked myself, often, “How can I equal up to, the brother that my siblings need, as well as being the Man that my mother needed me to be”. I was 14 when, I was accepted into the bloods. The bloods also known as the Piru gang, began as an anti Crip gang, originated out of Compton California. Bloods were initially formatted to protect members from the Crip’s. Based on research, Bloods love to be in the limelight. They are very arrogant, and believe that acting naïve about them conveys weakness.

My original reason for joining bloods, was because “My man was with it, and that ni**ga was getting money, and that’s what I needed”. In 2007, I pulled a house move, which was introduced to me by an “OG” (http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=OG). We drove far out in MD, where the “houses get bigger and bigger the further you drive”. We ran into this house that was filled with all types of illegal things, such as narcotics, electronics, jewelry, and a number of hand guns. After being in the house for little less than five minutes, “something didn’t feel right”. Long story short it was a set up, the feds surrounded the house no way out.

The house invasion is what lead to me serving 4years in a Kentucky State Prison. Serving 4years with 6 years back up time. I am now 28 years old, throughout my 28 years of life. I have lost 5 of the most important people to me, including my mother. Spending time in prison, I was able to reflect back on my past, coming to except that my original reason, of even joining this gang, was bigger than money. Being in the blood game, gave me a since of authority over others, people were scared of me, because they knew who I was affiliated with. “To be honest I felt Bullet proof”. The bloods provided me with security, and the OG’s was the father or father figure, that I was missing at home. Looking back “I have to say there are many of things that I wish would have turned out different”.

Effect of Gangs

Gangs of today appear to be more violent in nature than gangs of the first half of the century. The activities that gangs participate in appear to be changing, gang members engage more frequency in serious crimes, and drug related behavior. Although our society has continued source for fearing the violence of gangs, but most gang violence is directed at other groups. Gang affiliation and membership exacts a terrible toll on the lives of all who deal with gang member. Gang membership can be a temporary phase for some youth, and for others it can shape their future.

Gang members that are not killed or seriously injured can develop patterns of alcohol and narcotics abuse, as well as developing an extensive police record. That will limit their employment opportunities.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Based on my research male juveniles join gangs, because of the disproportionate level of violence in many urban areas. Male juvenile delinquency stems from a combination of risk factors; such as poverty and joblessness; Individual risk factors, particularly family disruptions or the lack of support from an absent parent. My suggestion to anyone that has experienced gang affiliation or is a member of a gang, already, is to not dwell on your situation or your unfortunate circumstances. I would also suggest taking into consideration the type of people you are surrounding yourself around. The members of the gang as well as the affiliates are just as lost and misguided as you are; they are searching for the same life fulfillments as you are. Question yourself, if someone is seeking the same thing that you feel you are lacking, possibilities should say that they can’t help you

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Why Do Males Join Gangs
Presented By: Samantha Johnson

[This research paper is going to present comprehensive Information on male juveniles, juvenile Offenders and Victims; Juvenile Psychology and its relation to Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Juveniles and gangs and Criminology

2012

06294699
ITT Tech
5/21/2012

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