Simple and Fractional Distillation
INTRODUCTION Distillation is a technique widely used in organic chemistry for separating compounds based on differences in their boiling points. The experiment is divided into two parts: simple distillation, an easy set-up where a solution or a mixture of substances with different volatility is separated through exposure heat; and fractional distillation, which under goes a series of evaporation and condensation process to purify more complex mixtures. Raoult and Dalton Law are the two principles involving with this experiment. The former states that the vapor pressure of a solvent above a solution is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent at the same temperature scaled by the mole fraction of the solvent present. While the latter states that the total pressure of a gas in a container is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the container. In this experiment, the group performed a fractional distillation set-up. At the end of the day, they were able to attain the following objectives: differentiate simple from fractional distillation, separate the components of an alcoholic beverage and calculate the percentage of ethanol in a beverage.
EXPERIMENTAL
A. Compounds tested The compound or sample used in this experiment was vodka (alcohol). Vodka (35%–50%) was originally distilled from fermented wheat mash but now also made from a mash of rye, corn, or potatoes. In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is bound to a carbon atom. In particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to three other atoms. The sample we used in this experiment was vodka. Some other types of alcohol include: wines (8-14%), beer (3-10%), spirits (20-70%), and fortified wines (16-22%). All of which have distinct alcoholic concentrations.
B. Procedure 1. Designation of Simple and Fractional Distillation among even and odd groups The distillation set-up was
EXPERIMENTAL
A. Compounds tested The compound or sample used in this experiment was vodka (alcohol). Vodka (35%–50%) was originally distilled from fermented wheat mash but now also made from a mash of rye, corn, or potatoes. In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is bound to a carbon atom. In particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to three other atoms. The sample we used in this experiment was vodka. Some other types of alcohol include: wines (8-14%), beer (3-10%), spirits (20-70%), and fortified wines (16-22%). All of which have distinct alcoholic concentrations.
B. Procedure 1. Designation of Simple and Fractional Distillation among even and odd groups The distillation set-up was
References: From the book 1. Whitten, K., Davis, R., Peck, L. & Stanley, G. (2010). Chemistry. Brooks/Cole: Cengage Learning. From the internet 1. Answers.com. (n.d.) Retrieve July 11, 2009, fromhttp://www.answers.com/topic/distillation 2. Scribd.com. (n.d.) Retrieve July 11, 2009, fromwww.scribd.com/doc/6663/D202ch 3. Alcohol contents.com (n.d.) Retrieve August 5, 2008, from http://egon.cheme.cmu.edu/Papers/Caballero_Optimization_of_Distillation_Processes.pdf 4. Chemwiki.com (n.d.) Retrieve January 10, 2006, from http://www.chem.wisc.edu/courses/342/Fall2006/Experiment_2.pdf