After the wolves were reintroduced it began to restore the trophic cascade. The reduced browsing because of the altered behavior allowed increase in the recruitment of woody plants like Aspen (Populus tremuloides) and willow (Salix spp.) (Ripple and Beschta 2012). Without the elk decimating woody plants populations they were able to regenerate. This resulted in an increase in multiple species native to the park. These species included bison (Bison bison), beaver (Castor canadensis), and bears (Ursus arctos). The relative abundance and richness of 6/7 species of songbirds also increased because of the increased recruitment (Ripple and Beschta 2012). The wolves also have a positive effect on the age/sex structure. By concentrating on calves and older females they consistently eliminate the older sicker elk that are less suitable to survive. The wolves rarely prey on females in their reproductive prime or full grown males. The reintroduction has also had a positive effect on the bison population. The elk and bison share 80% of the same browsing food source. As elk are driven from their preferred browsing areas the bison are able to exploit the areas with the most nutritional
After the wolves were reintroduced it began to restore the trophic cascade. The reduced browsing because of the altered behavior allowed increase in the recruitment of woody plants like Aspen (Populus tremuloides) and willow (Salix spp.) (Ripple and Beschta 2012). Without the elk decimating woody plants populations they were able to regenerate. This resulted in an increase in multiple species native to the park. These species included bison (Bison bison), beaver (Castor canadensis), and bears (Ursus arctos). The relative abundance and richness of 6/7 species of songbirds also increased because of the increased recruitment (Ripple and Beschta 2012). The wolves also have a positive effect on the age/sex structure. By concentrating on calves and older females they consistently eliminate the older sicker elk that are less suitable to survive. The wolves rarely prey on females in their reproductive prime or full grown males. The reintroduction has also had a positive effect on the bison population. The elk and bison share 80% of the same browsing food source. As elk are driven from their preferred browsing areas the bison are able to exploit the areas with the most nutritional