The Working Memory Model (WMM) is a theory by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. The theory replaces the idea that there is a single Short Term Memory (STM) from Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), it suggests that the STM is a flexible multi-component system. The WMM suggests that the STM is controlled by the Central Executive (CE) which controls attention, planning and synthesising information. The Central Executive is a flexible system which means it can process audio, visual and sound information, it also has a limited capacity.…
The working memory model is the part of the short term memory which is governed by the ‘central executive which monitors and coordinates the operation of the store systems; Phonological loop and visuo – spatial sketchpad. The phonological loop allows sounds to be stored for brief periods. The visuo spatial sketchpad allows visual and spatial information to be stored for brief periods. The two slave systems within the WMM are completely separate and can work individually.…
Outline and evaluate one alternative to the multi-store model of memory (e.g. working memory, levels of processing) Craik and Lockhart (1972) advanced the levels of processing theory (LOP) as an alternative to the multi-store model. They argued that deeper levels of processing would greatly enhance the strength and durability of a memory trace and therefore its memorability. Thus if you process information “deeply” then it will be stored. Deep processing would, according to the researchers, occur due to greater depth of analysis, elaboration, organisation and distinctiveness.…
In 1974 the researchers Baddeley and Hitch argued that the picture of short-term memory (STM) provided by the Multi-Store Model was far too simple. Following the Multi-Store Model, it is believed that STM holds limited amounts of information for short periods of time with relatively little processing, it is believed to be a unitary store. This means that due to its single store it has no subsystems, unlike the Working Memory Model which has many subsystems. This proves that the Working Memory is not a unitary store.…
Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed an alternative model of short-term memory which they called the working memory model. The working memory model consists of four components. The central executive which controls and co-ordinates the operation of two subsystems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The central executive controls attention and coordinates the actions of the other components, it can briefly store information, but has a limited capacity. The phonological loop consists of two parts, the articulatory control system and the phonological store. The articulatory control system (the inner voice) where information is rehearsed sub vocally and has a capacity of about 2 seconds. The phonological store (the inner ear) stores information in speech-based form, the speech input is held for a brief duration. The third component, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, mentally manipulates images and space, for example it is used when a person imagines the encodes visual information in terms of separate objects as well as the arrangement of these objects in one's visual field. The final component, episodic buffer, receives input from many sources, temporarily stores this information, and then puts them together in order to construct a mental episode of what is being experienced right now.…
The working memory is a combination of attention, concentration, short-term memory and has a limited capacity (Cowan, 2005). Basic structure and function of memory can be explained through what is called the stage model theory that was initially proposed in 1968 (Mcleod, 2007)…
The working memory model (WMM) suggests that there are three main components to human memory. The central executive is the key component of working memory and is what directs attention to particular tasks, deciding which ‘resources’ (being the phonological loop and visual-spatial sketchpad) are allocated to which tasks. The central executive has a very limited capacity however, and can’t attend to too many things at once. The phonological loop (PL) too has a limited capacity and is what deals with auditory information; it is split into two further parts, the phonological store which holds the words you hear, and the articulatory process which is for the words you hear/see and are rehearsed…
* Working memory- system for temporarily storing and manipulating information; phonological loop, central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.…
Working Memory- a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.…
* Understand what working memory is and what happens to information in the working memory.…
Working memory refers to how we manipulate the information that stored in the short-term memory. According to Baddeley's model of working memory, working memory is composed of three parts:…
Explain the relationships between motivation, emotion, and behavior. How does emotion affect motivation? Give an example of a specific behavior and the motivators and emotions that can be behind that behavior. Your response should be at least 300 hundred words.…
They argue that both short-term memory and working memory are theoretical concepts. The information that enters short-term storage comes from information that is already stored in one's long term storage. Only if…
Throughout the day, people constantly find themselves starting, stopping and finishing many different cognitive tasks. This study was conducted to discover the effect that task switching has on performance. Thirty eight students participated in this experiment. They were asked to complete both repeating and switching tasks. The 100 total tasks were fully randomized with 50 task repeating and 50 task switching. It was hypothesized that when a participant will be asked to switch a task over repeating one, he or she will be significantly slower in reacting. The collected data revealed that in fact, the reaction time for task switching trials was significantly higher than for repeating ones. These findings supported the hypothesis. One can conclude from here that when one switches between cognitive tasks they can expect themselves to perform less than optimally then when they repeat the same task over and over.…
Memory is a complex and varied phenomenon. Ideas about what constitutes memory and how it works can be traced back to ancient times. Plato compared memory to an aviary, and in some respects his ideas have remained little changed into the modern era.…