111 Phonetic

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

© 2005 IPA

Bilabial Labiodental Dental

Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex

pb m ı

Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or Flap
Fricative
Lateral fricative Approximant
Lateral
approximant

td µ n r | v F B f v T D s z S Z
ÒL
√
®
l

Palatal

Velar

Uvular

Pharyngeal

Glottal

Ê∂ cÔkgqG
/
=
≠
N
–
R
«
ßΩ çJxVXÂ ©? hH
’


j
¥

˜
K

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

>
˘
!
¯
≤

Bilabial
Dental
(Post)alveolar
Palatoalveolar
Alveolar lateral

∫
Î
˙ ƒ Ï

Bilabial
Dental/alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular

Front

Ejectives

Voiced implosives

’ p’ t’ k’ s’

Close

Examples:

i

y

Bilabial

Close-mid

Dental/alveolar
Velar

Open-mid

Alveolar fricative

OTHER SYMBOLS

DIACRITICS

9

3
Ó
7
¶
™
2
·
+
`
8
±

Open

n9 d9
Voiced
s3 t 3
Aspirated
tÓ dÓ
More rounded O7
Less rounded
O¶
Advanced u™ Retracted e2 Centralized e· Mid-centralized e+
Syllabic
n`
Non-syllabic
e8
Rhoticity
´± a±

ª

e∏
´
E{ ‰ å œ a” £
W
∆
◊
≥ ù 6
§
5
∞

Øo øO AÅ

SUPRASEGMENTALS

"

Æ
…
Ú

(

kp ts
N(

bª aª 1 Dental t 1 d1
Creaky voiced b0 a0 ¡ Apical t ¡ d¡
Linguolabial
t £ d£ 4 Laminal t 4 d4
Labialized
tW dW ) Nasalized
e)
Palatalized t∆ d∆ ˆ Nasal release dˆ Velarized t◊ d◊ ¬ Lateral release d¬
Pharyngealized t≥ d≥
} No audible release d}
Velarized or pharyngealized :
Raised
e6 ( ®6 = voiced alveolar fricative)
Lowered
e§ ( B§ = voiced bilabial approximant)
Advanced Tongue Root e5 Retracted Tongue Root e∞ Breathy voiced

0

U

¨u

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.

Voiceless

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