152A final study guide

SOC 152A FINAL REVIEW
Winter 2015

stages of sexual arousal, anatomy, STD question (HIV, HPV transmission, lifespan, treatment, symptons) , contraception, the day my god died, simon levay lecture question, 6 ways on how to prevent STI - female condom, male condom, double contraceptive, abstinence half is romance, communication, etc abortion - pro life, pro choice, masters and johnson heirarchy of prostitution

PGS. 301.9-304

Americans Are Divided on Abortion, but Most Favor Restricted Availability
1) In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Roe vs Wade that states could not enact an outright ban on abortions before the age of fetal viability.
2) The abortion debate is often portrayed as being divided between two opposing camps (pro-life and pro-choice), however people often find their beliefs fall in-between the two extremes.
a) Pro-Life
i) Elective abortion is always wrong and should be considered a criminal offense
b) Pro-choice
i) Women should be allowed to make all abortion decisions for themselves.

3) The Abortion Debate Focused on Specific Issues
a) Because the majority of Americans tend to be more moderate in their views towards abortion, much of the “pro-choice” vs. “pro-life” debate revolves around specific issues. (see pgs. 304)
i) Should there be conditions such as a mandatory 24 hr waiting period? ii) Should their be a ban on late term abortions?

CHAPTER 17 – Sex as a Commodity

Can Money buy you Love?
1. Prostitution – the practice of engaging in sex for pay
2. Historically prostitution viewed as a necessary evil
a. "the oldest profession"
b. Only way in which unattached W could support themselves
c. Development of "red light districts" in late 19th century
3. Prostitution is on the decline
a. High proportion of male and/or transgendered prostitutes in some cities
b. Illegal everywhere in U.S., except parts of Nevada and Rhode Island

There is a Hierarchy of Prostitution
1. Street prostitution or “street walking”
a. Most visible and familiar part of the industry
b. lowest rank and charge lowest prices
c. lifetime of social degradation
d. Majority of female prostitutes are mothers
e. M prostitutes tend to be independent workers where as W often work for Pimps
i. Pimps – man who manages prostitutes in exchange for a portion of the earnings
1. Much less common in recent years
2. Working out of a fixed commercial location
a. I.e. a massage parlor or strip joint
b. Services vary, but "massages" is most common
c. Brothels are uncommon but exist in rural Nevada
d. - are legal in other countries
3. Escort service prostitution – offstreet prostitution not tied to a specific service location

a. Call girl
i. Prostitutes are relatively upscale in terms of clientele and price ii. Clients sometimes want the ‘girlfriend experience’
b. Premier escorts – prostitutes that are well-presented and can be taken to dinners or shows

i. often work for madams who have access to affluent society
c. Gigolo – male escorts paid by women, uncommon in the United States

Good Pay is the Main Motive for Prostitution
1. Some prostitutes have special needs that require a high income (transgender and prostitutes addicted to drugs)
2. M use prostitutes for many reasons
a. difficulty finding unpaid sex partners
b. avoid hassles involved with regular dating
c. issues with frequency and variety of sex with spouse or partner

3. The prostitutes rights movement
a. elimination of laws that outlaw prostitutionWorks for decriminalization –
b. COYOTE – mission is to improve the image and working conditions for prostitutes

c. Legalization with regulation – prostitutes would be allowed to work in prescribed locations and under defined conditions (i.e. Nevada)

4. The debate on prostitution is world wide problem
5.
6. Conditions are worse in developing countries
7. Juvenile and coerced prostitution are global problems
a. Demand comes from local M but also overseas travelers
b. Transnational trafficking of W – transportation of W from one country to another, usually for purposes of prostitution
c. look over movie notes

Phone Sex – erotic telephone conversation often carried out for pay
1. Advantages: easier and safer for operators
2. convenient and cheaper for customer

Pornography Has Always Been Part of Human Culture
1. Pornography – depictions of people or behaviors that are intended to be sexually arousing

a. Estimated to be a 13 billion-a-year industry in the U.S
b. Erotica – sexually themed works deemed to have literary or artistic merit

2. Pornography has battled censorship
a. Obscene – sexually offensive or threatening to public morality
b. no artistic merit

3. There is some pornography for W
a. Usually more soft-core and romantic in nature
b. romance novels (see lecture notes!)
c. he = handsome, wordly, sexually experienced
d. she = sensitive, smart, underappreciated
e. romance novels do for women what porn does for men
f. impossible expectations --> frustrations

There Are Conflicting Perspectives on the Value or Harm of Pornography
1. Radical feminist perspective
a. pornography promotes physical or sexual violence, or other forms of harm against W

2. Liberal perspective
a. Downplays any harmful effects
b. Protected by first amendment
3. Research has has not resolved the question of pornography’s effects
a. Most M are not rendered more likely to harm W by exposure to any kind of pornography
b. Some suggest that sex crimes become fewer when pornography consumption rises
4. Underage pornography is widely condemned, but common in some countries
a. Illegal in U.S
b. Simulated underage pornography (pg. 553)
c. Japan is the world leader in production of underage pornography

Sex is Part of the Mass Media
1. TV glorifies adultery and promiscuity while portraying marital sex as dull and non-existent.
2. Sexual references on TV are not necessarily harmful (i.e. familiarizing with homosexuality may lower anti-gay discrimination)
3. May be an educational opportunity – but is it really a good one? (pg. 555)

CHAPTER 11 – Sexuality across the Lifespan: Adulthood In Young Adulthood Conflicting Demands Moderate Sexual Expression
1. Most young M and W have only a few sex partners
a. Secondary abstinence – actively choosing not to have sex after having had sex at some previous time.

Cohabitation is an Increasingly Prevalent Lifestyle
1. Cohabitation – live in sexual relationship between two persons who are not married to each other

a. Majority of young people will enter into a cohabiting relationship
b. Most likely to cohabit:
c. younger people
d. people whose parents seperated when they were children
e. non-religious

f. typically short lived
2. Marriages preceded by cohabitation ___________ than those that are not
a. Why? “Cohabitation Effect”
i. Most likely that live-in relationships tend to last a certain time so if some of that time is spent in cohabitation the marriage will be that much shorter ii. Couples who cohabit have less traditional views about marriage and divorce
3. Cohabitation has different meanings
a. About ________ of cohabiting couples have children
b. May be experienced like a ____________________(or trial run!)
c. But, possibly poor management of conflicts and less overall satisfaction with the relationship
d. ____________________ is less public embarrassment
e. May be perceived as an alternative to ___________rather than ____________
f. Even some __________ cultures around the world have sanctioned _________________________ (i.e. Mut’a – ______________________________)

Marriage Takes Diverse Forms
1. __________________________ of formalized sexual unions
a. Creating an environment favorable for _____________
i. Identifying _____________________ ii. Bringing the couple’s ______________________ iii. Intended to stabilizez their union
2. Polygamy –
a. ______________ in many societies
b. Connected to the idea that women are men’s property
c. Polyandry –
i. Very uncommon
3. Polyamory – people who openly and intentionally participate in non-monogamous relationships

a. Some are swingers – Couples who agree to engage in casual sexual contact with others
b. Some engage in group marriage –

i. Can be open or closed ______________________
c. Its appeal may be limited by problems with jealousy

The Institution of Marriage is Evolving
1. Western institution of marriage has evolved

a. Companionate marriage makes the availability of divorce a necessity
2. Companionate marriage makes the _________________________
a. Prenuptial/postnuptial agreements increasingly common
b. Married people are significantly happier than unmarried
3. Marriage is becoming a _________________________
a. People are marrying _________ and splitting up _____
b. % that are currently married is _________________

Most Married Couples are Satisfied with their Sex Lives
1. W’s physical satisfaction is ______________ in long term relationships than in ________________ relationships
2. Emotional satisfaction is _________________ in marriage
3. Frequency of sex ___________ during marriage – but many say, ________________________________________
a. Why? Increasing __________ with partner and dimming of ______________________
b. Biggest decline follows the _____________________
4. W’s marital satisfaction declines during middle age
a. On the whole, wives are ________________ with their marriages than their husbands

Many Factors Bring Relationships to an End
1. Four major factors:

2. Overall divorce rate is ______
a. Divorce rate for people with college degrees is less than half what it is for those without
3. Dissimilarity between husbands and wives shortens marriages
4. ___________have longer marriages

Marital Disruption Can Have Negative and Positive Consequences
1. Divorced M and W can suffer physical, psychological and economic damage
a. Children may experience a heightened risk of: ____________
Low academic performance, substance abuse, criminality, early sexual activity
2. Marital disruption may also have ______________________
a. Escape from an unhappy, possibly abusive relationship, potential for forming a better one
3. _________________ may be disadvantaged
a. ________________ to suffer from ________________
b. Child abuse
c. Still, majority of stepchildren do well in school and don’t have emotional or behavioral problems
4. Later marriages are ___________________________
a. So, experience gained from the 1st marriage _____________________

Menopause – final cessation of menstrual cycles
1. Perimenopause –

2. Menopause may be caused by the depletion of _________ –

3. Climacteric- woman’s transition to infertility that culminates in menopause

4. _________hormones levels affect some W’s ____________
a. decrease in vaginal lubrication, a thinning of the vaginal walls
i. May lead to____________ __________________
b. Lowered _____________________
i. Hot flashes, night sweats, headaches…. ii. Osteoporosis –
5. W typically experience some ↓ in __________ at menopause
a. Probably results mainly from _______________ (listed above)
b. Other factors such as relationship issues, general health ______________________
6. __________________ can reduce menopausal symptoms
a. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) (PG. 357)
7. Postmenopausal hormone therapy is __________________
a. Due to possible ill-effects, has been restricted to the __________________________________________
b. Lifestyle choices may be more valuable

Men’s Fertility Declines Gradually With Age
1. Gradual reduction in __________________________, ↑ ___________________, ↓ __________________________.
2. May be referred to as male menopause (or andropause) but misleading since these changes are NOT a total cessation but a gradual process

The Sex Lives of Old people Have Generally Been Ignored
1. Traditional assumption that older people are ___________
a. Younger peoples’ negative discomfort may result from lack of empathy
b. Everyone continues to have ___________ into old age!!
2. Aging is accompanied by ____________________ in the sexual response
a. Read top of pg.361 for specific changes
3. ____________________________________ can impair the sexuality of old people
a. Arthritis, heart disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, obesity…
b. ______________ ________can interfere with sexual performance
c. 2 biggest factors: health status and sense of how sexually responsive their partners are
d. People generally become __________________ with age!!
4. Coping strategies may require flexibility
a. W may form sexual relationships ________________________
b. May practice ________________ instead
5. Some old people remain sexually active
a. Plenty of old W and M ___________________
b. The more people engage in sexual behaviors ___________________ the more likely they will engage in them _______________________________________
c. Opportunities for sexual expression by nursing home residents could be improved
d. OLD PEOPLE WHO ENGAGE IN FREQUENT SEX ___________________________

PGS. 324 – 332.7 (CHAPTER 10)

Adolescence is a Time of Sexual Exploration
1. Beginning of adolescence
a. May correspond to puberty (_______________________)
b. Testosterone level
i. ___________________________________________________________________________
Many cultures have puberty rites
1. Puberty is often marked by special coming-of-age ceremonies
2. Breast ironing, bar mitzvah, bat mitzvah, quinceanera
a. Examples of puberty rites pp 324-325.

There are social influences on teen sexual behavior
1. Adolescents are likely to initiate sexual activity early if-
a. Their community has a low average income, few college graduates, a high crime rate or high unemployment
b. Having a significantly older boyfriend or girlfriend
2. Television
a. ______________________________________________

The sexual behavior of American teens has ↑ and diversified
1. Social changes since _____ have caused teenage sexual activity to ______
a. Oral contraceptives, legalization of abortion
2. In recent years sexual activity in US has been _________________________________________ Noncoital sex is popular among teens
1. Oral sex is common
a. More commonly teens have first oral sex ________________
b. Thus, ___________usually an addition to, rather that replacement of coitus
2. Ethnic differences
a. Far more African American adolescents engage in coitus, but less likely_______________________________________________________
b. Far less Asian American and Pacific Islander adolescents __________________________________________________

Teen Relationships
1. Is Dating outdated?
a. Serial monogamy-____________________________________
________________________________________________
b. Casual sex seems to be becoming more common
2. Traditional social patterns have been modified
a. Nowadays, sexual relationships have a more affectionate and recreational function
b.

PGS. 198.3 – 210 (CHAPTER 7) SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS

Moral Judgments About Sex Depend on its Context
1. The more ______________________________the relationship the more likely people are to consider sexual acts morally acceptable
2. ____________________________ affect sexual attitudes
a. Sex, age, education, region, race/ethnicity, religion (read on pg. 198-201).

Americans’ Attitudes Have Changed Over Time
1. Decline in % who think sex before marriage is ________________
2. Decline in % who think _________________________________
3. __________________ who think extramarital sex (affairs) are wrong .

Casual Sex Has More Appeal to Men than to Woman
1. M more likely to consider one night stands ______________________
2. __________________________ – the new norm?
a. Many young W are becoming much more open to engaging in casual, uncommitted sexual intimacy with acquaintances
3. Casual sex is more accepted in the gay male community .
4. Negotiating sex involves flirting
a. _______________________________________
b. At some point M takes a more controlling role.

Dating Relationships are Often Short Lived
1. Dating relationships usually involve some degree of __________________; ______________________may be expected.
2. Serial monogamy
3. 1st dates may follow a script
a. ______________________ demands M take leading/active role
b. W takes the ___________________________
4. Dating relationships may evolve rapidly
a. Tendency to _________________________ (minimization of the importance of their partner’s shortcomings) .

Pg 220-224.6 COMMUNICATION

Communication Is a Key Factor in the Success of Relationships
1. Many couples are reluctant ________________________________
a. Stems from a tradition of silence about sexual matters
b. Gender barrier may compound communication problems
2. ____________________ inhibit communication in certain groups
a. Asian-Americans and Hispanic Americans have a custom of silence on sexual issues.

Dealing with Conflict
1. Gottman studied _________________
a. Found that ________ is not necessarily bad as long as there is open communication
b. _________________ for every ______________
2. __________________________ focuses on improving positive communication

GOOD LUCK ON YOUR FINAL! 