To begin, diseases and illnesses were a big problem at Valley Forge. In February of 1778, 50% of the soldiers were sick out of the entire army, which only had about 8,000 men in it. (Doc. A) It was…
David McCullough's "1776" provides readers with a thorough and insightful analysis of the events that took place during a pivotal year of the American Revolution. Through extensive research and attention to detail, McCullough examines the key figures, decisions, and battles that shaped the nation's destiny. He did research in twenty five different libraries, archives, and special collections. He even went to several historic sights in the United States and the United Kingdom, to make sure that all of his facts are correct, and to give the best depiction possible of what happened during the year 1776. Throughout the book McCullough puts a huge emphasis on certain military figures, such as General Charles Lee, John Sullivan, Nathanael Greene,…
In "1776" by David McCullough, the author introduces us to a pivotal year in American history, exploring the events and actions that led to the United States achieving independence. Set in the year 1776, the book is a work of historical nonfiction that targets high school students and adults, given its sophisticated content. McCullough's main argument is centered on the remarkable perseverance and patriotism of the Continental Army, despite being outnumbered and less experienced than the British forces. The narrative highlights the critical role of George Washington's leadership, not without his flaws, and the ordinary colonists' extraordinary efforts in the struggle for freedom. By closely examining the battles and personal stories of the…
During World War I, there were many issues that surrounded the health of troops. The lack of medical advancement and the knowledge of it, then the struggle of keeping ones self-healthy throughout combat were key points to survival. During World War I in less than a year, American troops suffered more than 318,000 injuries 120,000 were counted as casualties. The front line soldiers are always at the highest risk in any war. With World War I though, trench warfare was a dangerous place to be considering they were always at risk for disease or infection because they were in the poorest conditions. During World War I, the Black Plague was one of the most drastic plagues in history. The troops would try anything and everything to help the disease not run like a wild fire. Soldiers would use herbs to blow away bad smells of the sewer and clean the contaminated air. During the war, soldiers would…
Gangrene And Glory: Medical Care During the American Civil War, Frank Freemon, Trade Paper, June 2001…
I snuck a look in Dr. Waldo’s journal, and it read, “I am sick...vomit half my time,” (151). This quote shows that many soldiers in Valley Forge were getting very sick. One of Dr. Waldo’s co-workers stated to me, “Dr. Waldo suffered during his winter at Valley Forge but... he helped other surgeons care for sick soldiers (151). According to this surgeon’s words, even the surgeons got sick, even though they were supposed to care for the soldiers.…
During the early nine-teen century WW1 broke out with a serious disease called Trench Foot, was more common to encounter within soldiers than any other disease. This disease was caused by a combination of wet feet with lacerations which allowed infections to worsten within the insanitary conditions. This effected the men who stood for hours in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. Trenches were dug often at or near sea level. Conditions made it easier to get Trench Foot with the common temperatures of 30F to 40F and with the poor environmental hygiene of lice, rats, dead corpse sorrounding their postions of battle. The disease of Trench Foot was so fast growing a 24 hour cycle could allow you to encounter the full development of the disease.…
Like Confederate doctor John Chilsolm, many surgeons and medical aids kept close records of surgeries to learn and expand from past mistakes and triumphs. The meticulous accounts of early and evolved surgeries show us the colossal progress surgeons made in their techniques over the course of the war and their hope that it would help future physicians. For example, the six-volume Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion published by the Surgeon General’s Office just after the war ended gives extensive statistical data of the war. The records detail the number of men who survived to reach medical care, which improved by over 10% by the second year. Countless personal journals written by members of all ranks of the medical staff provide a broad range of information on everyday medical treatment. On April 2, 1863 Jonah Franklin Dyer, acting medical director of the II Corps of the Army of Potomac, wrote in his personal records “I am to have a drill of the ambulances belonging to the division this afternoon, for the purpose of instructing the men in their duties” (Franklin, 68). Much of his accounts go into detail of the processes that were implemented to make organization of the sick and injured men easier and more reliable. As the head of the II Corps, most of his work was overseeing the tasks of other men and instructing them on their work with the wounded. The diary of Amanda Akin Stearns was published in 1909 after she agreed that her memories could help preserve the lessons learned in war. During her time as a nurse, Akin wrote to her family often. In 1863 on her first evening in Armory Square Hospital she wrote, “I meekly followed through the long ward…and with a sinking heart watch the head of a poor fellow in the last stages of typhoid” (Stearns, 39). Her published diary provides a glimpse of what life was like when…
The American Revolution embarked the beginning of the United States of America. A war that lasted eight years, 1775-1783, was able to grant the thirteen colonies the independence they deserved by breaking free of British rule. The war was an effect of the previous French and Indian War, which forced England to tax the American colonist, compelling them to rebel against parliament. From the 1760’s to 1775, many factors lead up to the American Revolution such as the various acts the British Parliament passed to pay the war debt, no representation in parliament, and the American people wanting to gain their independence. “No Taxation without Representation”, a slogan used by the American colonist, was the most important cause of the colonists declaring war for their independence on the British government.…
on the Western Front were actually kept in the trenches. Besides all the injuries, diseases were a heavy toll.…
First, the male insecurity is shown as World War 1 questioned what it real means to be virile. The prewar ideas of being a man was you need to be brave, strong, and fight to the end. During the war it showed the brutal trench war, disease, and hunger the soldiers had to go through. There was rats, lice, and trench foot. With the lice came trench fever, a painful disease that began with sever pain followed by high fever. Then, trench foot, a fungal infection of the feet caused by the cold, wet and unsanitary trench conditions. Many soldiers died from either disease or injury, but the soldier who saw them died in a daily bases began to have phycological problems. Later they would come to realize if they died or lived, it depended more upon luck than bravery. Thus questioning what in reality means to be a man.…
The coming of the second year saw a shortage of soldiers and the introduction of conscription. It also saw Edwin’s mother contracting tuberculosis and sleepless nights praying he wouldn’t be called up for service the next morning. The feeling of liability had been pushed to the back of his mind, only for it to inundate him once more when his mother had been…
Throughout history, dysentery has been known to affect large populations of people, specifically armies, because of the unsanitary conditions and the ability of this bacteria to thrive in contaminated foods and water (Perlin 2002). In addition, Perlin (2002) stated that the reason dysentery affected many army groups was because the food was touched by infected people, the water was contaminated with human waste, and through the act of poor hygiene. The contaminated water and food is what majorly affected armies and made many people susceptible to this disease (Margolis 2011). The major historical record of dysentery that was recorded by physicians, was during the Civil War, when nearly half of all deaths caused by disease was because of the deadly bloody diarrhea from the dysentery bacteria (Civil War Society 2002). The disease…
First to note is the, in my opinion, failure of the 1877 Provincial Municipal Laws, which we set in place to restructure local governments within the Empire and put public health into focus. At first these laws worked well to maintain public health sanctions among civilians by maintaining public markets, removing refuse, supervising public places such as hotels and cafes, and overseeing slaughterhouse sanitation. However, these laws are truly “perfect on paper”. What the laws failed to establish were sanctions for the military and plans for the arrival of troops into the towns. When events such as these occurred, towns were decimated by the arrival of unsanitized soldiers who brought in diseases such as typhus and much more. Once typhus infested lice entered the cities streets it is nearly impossible to get rid of. During the Balkan War one of my colleagues General Otto Liman Von Sanders described the soldiers living conditions as hygienically disturbing. He specifically notes that the living areas are infested with vermin leading to sickness spawning across many of the troops. As I too experienced, the hospital conditions were in appalling states with no bathing facilities anywhere within the premises. He accounts how over crowded the hospitals were and with that came a deep stench of filthy human bodies. He says that one of the most disturbing of sights was that patients with physical injuries and those stricken by disease were not separated throughout the hospital. He accounts that due to a lack of physician training, patients were examined from a distance and that they were prescribed “mounds” of medication opposed to drugs that would actually enhance the health of the patient. His accounts only further prove the ignorance of warfare medical care within the country. I was later informed that Sanders attempted to convey his concerns to military command, but as Ottoman…
The hard-fought American Revolution against Britain (1775-1783) was the first modern war of liberation against a colonial power. The triumph of American independence seemed to many at the time a divine sign that America and her people were destined for greatness. Military victory fanned nationalistic hopes for a great new literature. Yet with the exception of outstanding political writing, few works of note appeared during or soon after the Revolution.…