19th And First Half Of The 20th Century

Answer 1:
The 19th and first half of the 20th century conceived of the world as chaos. Chaos was the oft-quoted blind play of atoms which, in mechanistic and positivistic philosophy, appeared to represent ultimate reality, with life as an accidental product of physical processes, and mind as an epiphenomenon.…

It was chaos when, in the current theory of evolution, the living world appeared a product of chance, the outcome of random mutations and survival in the mill of natural selection. In the same sense, human personality, in the theories of behaviorism as well as of psychoanalysis, was considered a chance product of nature and nurture, of a mixture of genes and an accidental sequence of events from early childhood to maturity (p. 187).
In the 19th and first half of the 20th century, the world was treated as the product of chaos or randomness which was derived from mechanistic point of view. It considered that life is the outcome of randomness in the physical processes. The chaos is the reason behind the Darwin’s theory of evolution which states that “organisms that possess heritable traits that enable them to better adapt to their environment compared with other members of their species will be more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass more of their genes on to the next generation”. The living world is consists of components which produces outcomes based on randomness. Also, according to the theory of behaviorism given by the famous psychologist John B. Watson suggests that the human behavior and personality are learning thorough environmental conditioning. Behaviors can be measured, modified, and trained using stimulus response. Human interacts with their environment which determines their behavior. Similarly Bertalanffy here is indicating that the human personality is just a product of nature, nurture, genes and events which occurred during human's life. He talks about organizations in particular that the above theories can't be applied to the organizations. Organizations are not the random combination of components, the foundation of organization as a whole can't be based on
These are from different independent fields such as biology, sociology, cosmology, theology, chemistry, physics and science itself. It is really difficult to understand the theories behind these phenomenon and relate all these fields from same point of view or to provide a general point of view which can be applied to all the fields but Bertalanffy creates an environment and laws of systems which can link all these theories and fields to a common knot. It is no. There have been many philosophers, scientists, researchers but none of them successfully linked and able to make us understand the broad spectrum of systems thinking because everyone tried to view system from a physics or mathematical point of view and constraint themselves to the narrow concept of system. On the other hand Bertalanffy went beyond the conventional thinking and notions by considering system as an organismic structure. He tried to penetrate into the scientific areas which were not properly developed such as biology, psychology and sociology and also advancing cybernetics areas that didn't had a solid