4. How Can Bloodstain Patterns Left At A Mysterious Death Help Investigators?
Midterm Review KEY
Unit 1:
1. What are the different parts of an experiment? a. Control group b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. all of the above
2. Match the following terms to the correct statement.
a. Independent Variable b. Control Group c. Dependent Variable
The control group is the part of the experiment where the independent variable being tested is not so that it may serve as a standard for comparison.
In an experiment it is the independent variable that is manipulated by the researcher.
The dependent variable in the experiment is the measured effect, outcome, or response.
3. How do the clues found at a scene of a mysterious death help investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or exonerate potential suspects?
Evidence at a crime scene, such as blood, DNA, fingerprints, or shoeprints all help forensic investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or exonerate potential suspects.
4. How can bloodstain patterns left at a crime scene be useful to investigators?
Bloodstain patterns can help investigators distinguish between an accident and foul play. If two similar-sized blood droplets fall from different heights, the resulting stains will have …show more content…
different sizes. Therefore, the height from which a blood droplet falls can be determined based on the size of the bloodstain. This is called blood stain analysis. The bigger the splatter the greater the height. The smaller the droplet, the lower the height.
5. What are keys points in determining differences between two fingerprints?
No two people have the same fingerprints, even twins. Main types of ridge patterns are plain arch, tented arch, whorl, and radial loop. Minutiae are the tiny fingerprint ridge details. Looking for these very small differences can eliminate a suspect from a case.
6. What are the different search methods? Explain how they work.
Link method- a method seeking to find associations between evidence. Line(strip)method- used on large, outdoor crime scenes. Members of search team search along straight lines. Typically used to look for bodies or an abduction. Grid method- Used on large, outdoor crime scenes. Searchers follow the first line pattern and search in the same manner as the line method. Once the first line pattern is complete, searchers realign on the other line pattern. Typically used to look for a weapon. Zone method- Used in crimes scenes with zones such as a house or buildings. Teams are assigned small zones for searching. Spiral method (inward or outward)- Used on areas with no physical barriers such as open water. Can begin at a critical point of the crime scene (outward spiral) or the outer edge of the crime scene (inward spiral). Wheel or Ray method- Used on small, circular crime scenes. Investigators start from a critical point and travel outward along many straight lines from this point. Typically used when there has been an explosion.
7. Explain how Gel Electrophoresis works.
Restriction enzymes act as scissors that can cut DNA in a specific location.
An individual’s code determines the number of times the restriction enzymes will cut and the number and size of DNA pieces that will result. These pieces can then be separated and compared using a process called gel electrophoresis. The DNA moves from the negative end to the positive end. As the fragments move, their varying lengths propel them through an agarose gel at different speeds. Short strands move through the holes in the gel more quickly than long strands and will over time move farther away from the starting point. Staining the sorted groups of DNA makes them visible to the naked eye (show up as bands in the
gel).
8. What is an autopsy and what does it entail?
Autopsy: procedure that is completed in order to determine the cause of someone’s death. An autopsy includes identifying the person, cause of death, manner of death, medical history, photos, direction or force, weapon, time of death, sequence, toxicology, and documentation of all injuries.
9. What is manner of death?
Manner of Death: the way the death occurred. - Natural, Accidental, Homicide, Suicide, or Undetermined
10. What is the equation used to calculate time of death?
The Glaister equation is one formula used to approximate the postmortem interval, or time since death. This equation uses degrees Fahrenheit. Glaister Equation: 98.4 - measured rectal temperature = approximate hours since death 1.5
11. Name blood types and their antigens and antibodies.
Type A: A-antigen B-antibody Type B: B-antigen A-antibody Type AB: A and B antigen No antibodies. Universal recipient. Type O: No antigens. A and B antibodies. Universal donor.
12. What is DNA?
Smallest macromolecule. Make up of nucleotide, monomers consisting of phosphate, deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases. Negative charge.
Unit 2:
13. What is a glucose tolerance test?
A test of the body’s ability to metabolize glucose that involves the administration of a measured dose of glucose to the stomach and the determination of blood glucose levels in the blood or urine at intervals afterwards and that is used especially to detect diabetes.
14. What is positive and negative feedback?
Negative feedback regulates blood sugar because positive feedback is a closed system. Positive feedback is where the original disturbance signal is amplified. Whereas negative feedback is a self-regulatory system in which it reduces the output of a system in order to stabilize or re-establish internal equilibrium.
15. What are the differences in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body does not recognize insulin, but the pancreas is still producing it.
Normal: Type 2:
16. What type of diabetes did Anna have? a. type 1 b. type 2
17. What are the 3 macromolecules, what are they made of and what do they do for the body?
Proteins: Polymer of amino acids. The basic building materials of skin, and organs. They help chemical reactions in cells, and are a source of energy.
Carbohydrates: A sugar in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide. When you eat more carbs than is used up, the cells store some of them as glycogen and convert the rest to fat. They store energy for later. The most common source for energy used in the body.
Lipids: Triglycerides. Store large quantities of energy, and are the essential for the structure of membranes, cell communication, and bone structure.
18. How is the amount of energy determined from food?
The process for measuring the amount of energy in food is called calorimetry. The number of calories indicates the amount of energy in a serving of food. You can determine the calories in food by the increase in temperature of a known volume of water when a portion of the food is burned.
19. What is dehydration synthesis? Hydrolysis?
Dehydration synthesis is the act of building something up while taking water out. When dehydration synthesis continues for a long time it form a polysaccharide. Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration synthesis. Instead of taking out water you add water to a molecule to break it down.
20. What is the difference between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia?
Hyperglycemia: An excess of sugar in the blood. Hypoglycemia: Abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood.
Take a look at your complications of diabetes diagram
Unit 3:
21. What are the four components of blood and what do they do?
Plasma: helps maintain homeostasis balance, allows correct functions of muscles and nerves, transports soluble substances, carries factors that are needed for blood clotting. Red Blood Cells: Mainly transports oxygen, helps remove CO2, is made in bone marrow, lifespan is about 120 days. White Blood Cells: Made in bone marrow, part of immune system, increases in number where infection or inflammations occur. Platelets: helps blood clot.
22. What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
A genetic disease where the red blood cells are abnormally shaped (sickle). Hemoglobin S changes the shape of red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. Sickle shaped cells deliver less oxygen. They become sticky and can clog blood vessels and disrupt blood flow.
23. How do you calculate a hematocrit?
Red Blood Cell Level x (100) = Percent Red Blood Cell Volume = Hematocrit
Total Blood Level
24. What is the range of low hematocrit in a male and a female, normal hematocrit in a male and a female, and high hematocrit in a male and a female?
Low Hematocrit: Male- 46
25. Why does the abnormal shape of sickled red blood cells cause episodes of pain?
They can easily get stuck in small blood vessels and break into pieces which interrupts healthy blood flow and cuts down on oxygen getting to the tissues. The pain is also caused because the abnormal cells are stiff, inflexible and sharp. They tend to get stuck in the blood vessels and scrape against vessel walls.
26. What was Annas range of hematocrit? a. about 42% b. about 30% c. about 46%
Unit 1:
1. What are the different parts of an experiment? a. Control group b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. all of the above
2. Match the following terms to the correct statement.
a. Independent Variable b. Control Group c. Dependent Variable
The control group is the part of the experiment where the independent variable being tested is not so that it may serve as a standard for comparison.
In an experiment it is the independent variable that is manipulated by the researcher.
The dependent variable in the experiment is the measured effect, outcome, or response.
3. How do the clues found at a scene of a mysterious death help investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or exonerate potential suspects?
Evidence at a crime scene, such as blood, DNA, fingerprints, or shoeprints all help forensic investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or exonerate potential suspects.
4. How can bloodstain patterns left at a crime scene be useful to investigators?
Bloodstain patterns can help investigators distinguish between an accident and foul play. If two similar-sized blood droplets fall from different heights, the resulting stains will have …show more content…
different sizes. Therefore, the height from which a blood droplet falls can be determined based on the size of the bloodstain. This is called blood stain analysis. The bigger the splatter the greater the height. The smaller the droplet, the lower the height.
5. What are keys points in determining differences between two fingerprints?
No two people have the same fingerprints, even twins. Main types of ridge patterns are plain arch, tented arch, whorl, and radial loop. Minutiae are the tiny fingerprint ridge details. Looking for these very small differences can eliminate a suspect from a case.
6. What are the different search methods? Explain how they work.
Link method- a method seeking to find associations between evidence. Line(strip)method- used on large, outdoor crime scenes. Members of search team search along straight lines. Typically used to look for bodies or an abduction. Grid method- Used on large, outdoor crime scenes. Searchers follow the first line pattern and search in the same manner as the line method. Once the first line pattern is complete, searchers realign on the other line pattern. Typically used to look for a weapon. Zone method- Used in crimes scenes with zones such as a house or buildings. Teams are assigned small zones for searching. Spiral method (inward or outward)- Used on areas with no physical barriers such as open water. Can begin at a critical point of the crime scene (outward spiral) or the outer edge of the crime scene (inward spiral). Wheel or Ray method- Used on small, circular crime scenes. Investigators start from a critical point and travel outward along many straight lines from this point. Typically used when there has been an explosion.
7. Explain how Gel Electrophoresis works.
Restriction enzymes act as scissors that can cut DNA in a specific location.
An individual’s code determines the number of times the restriction enzymes will cut and the number and size of DNA pieces that will result. These pieces can then be separated and compared using a process called gel electrophoresis. The DNA moves from the negative end to the positive end. As the fragments move, their varying lengths propel them through an agarose gel at different speeds. Short strands move through the holes in the gel more quickly than long strands and will over time move farther away from the starting point. Staining the sorted groups of DNA makes them visible to the naked eye (show up as bands in the
gel).
8. What is an autopsy and what does it entail?
Autopsy: procedure that is completed in order to determine the cause of someone’s death. An autopsy includes identifying the person, cause of death, manner of death, medical history, photos, direction or force, weapon, time of death, sequence, toxicology, and documentation of all injuries.
9. What is manner of death?
Manner of Death: the way the death occurred. - Natural, Accidental, Homicide, Suicide, or Undetermined
10. What is the equation used to calculate time of death?
The Glaister equation is one formula used to approximate the postmortem interval, or time since death. This equation uses degrees Fahrenheit. Glaister Equation: 98.4 - measured rectal temperature = approximate hours since death 1.5
11. Name blood types and their antigens and antibodies.
Type A: A-antigen B-antibody Type B: B-antigen A-antibody Type AB: A and B antigen No antibodies. Universal recipient. Type O: No antigens. A and B antibodies. Universal donor.
12. What is DNA?
Smallest macromolecule. Make up of nucleotide, monomers consisting of phosphate, deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases. Negative charge.
Unit 2:
13. What is a glucose tolerance test?
A test of the body’s ability to metabolize glucose that involves the administration of a measured dose of glucose to the stomach and the determination of blood glucose levels in the blood or urine at intervals afterwards and that is used especially to detect diabetes.
14. What is positive and negative feedback?
Negative feedback regulates blood sugar because positive feedback is a closed system. Positive feedback is where the original disturbance signal is amplified. Whereas negative feedback is a self-regulatory system in which it reduces the output of a system in order to stabilize or re-establish internal equilibrium.
15. What are the differences in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body does not recognize insulin, but the pancreas is still producing it.
Normal: Type 2:
16. What type of diabetes did Anna have? a. type 1 b. type 2
17. What are the 3 macromolecules, what are they made of and what do they do for the body?
Proteins: Polymer of amino acids. The basic building materials of skin, and organs. They help chemical reactions in cells, and are a source of energy.
Carbohydrates: A sugar in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide. When you eat more carbs than is used up, the cells store some of them as glycogen and convert the rest to fat. They store energy for later. The most common source for energy used in the body.
Lipids: Triglycerides. Store large quantities of energy, and are the essential for the structure of membranes, cell communication, and bone structure.
18. How is the amount of energy determined from food?
The process for measuring the amount of energy in food is called calorimetry. The number of calories indicates the amount of energy in a serving of food. You can determine the calories in food by the increase in temperature of a known volume of water when a portion of the food is burned.
19. What is dehydration synthesis? Hydrolysis?
Dehydration synthesis is the act of building something up while taking water out. When dehydration synthesis continues for a long time it form a polysaccharide. Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration synthesis. Instead of taking out water you add water to a molecule to break it down.
20. What is the difference between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia?
Hyperglycemia: An excess of sugar in the blood. Hypoglycemia: Abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood.
Take a look at your complications of diabetes diagram
Unit 3:
21. What are the four components of blood and what do they do?
Plasma: helps maintain homeostasis balance, allows correct functions of muscles and nerves, transports soluble substances, carries factors that are needed for blood clotting. Red Blood Cells: Mainly transports oxygen, helps remove CO2, is made in bone marrow, lifespan is about 120 days. White Blood Cells: Made in bone marrow, part of immune system, increases in number where infection or inflammations occur. Platelets: helps blood clot.
22. What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
A genetic disease where the red blood cells are abnormally shaped (sickle). Hemoglobin S changes the shape of red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. Sickle shaped cells deliver less oxygen. They become sticky and can clog blood vessels and disrupt blood flow.
23. How do you calculate a hematocrit?
Red Blood Cell Level x (100) = Percent Red Blood Cell Volume = Hematocrit
Total Blood Level
24. What is the range of low hematocrit in a male and a female, normal hematocrit in a male and a female, and high hematocrit in a male and a female?
Low Hematocrit: Male- 46
25. Why does the abnormal shape of sickled red blood cells cause episodes of pain?
They can easily get stuck in small blood vessels and break into pieces which interrupts healthy blood flow and cuts down on oxygen getting to the tissues. The pain is also caused because the abnormal cells are stiff, inflexible and sharp. They tend to get stuck in the blood vessels and scrape against vessel walls.
26. What was Annas range of hematocrit? a. about 42% b. about 30% c. about 46%