The ratio of methanol and air maintained about 35-45%. This mixture heated to the reaction temperature 550-600 oC by preheaters before entering into the silver catalyst reactor. Then we convert methanol to formaldehyde by using a catalytic reactor which is fixed bed type filled with silver catalyst. The fraction of conversion depends on the catalyst type and the temperature of the reactor at fixed operating pressure. Advance reactor controls both reactions, exothermic combustion reaction and endothermic dehydration reaction simultaneously in single…
1.0 IntroductionBiodiesel is defined as mono-alky esters of long -chain fatty acid. It is a fuel that derived from the vegetable oils, animal fats, which is similar to the diesel fuel except that it is made from the crops. It is produced from domestically grown, renewable sources, such as crop oils or animal fats which are then chemically converted into biodiesel (Habmigren, 2003). Unlike diesel, biodiesel contains no petroleum products and free of sulfur compounds and aromatics (Habmigren, 2003). Until today, it is still the only alternative fuel for motor vehicle. The biodiesel blends have ranged from 2/98% (B2), 20/80% (B20), to 100% (B100) (Hafman, 2003). The reasons biodiesel is a viable alternative to diesel from fossil fuels for trucks and buses are it can reduce the pollution, it can enhance the country's economy, and it is renewable sources and can produce almost same energy as diesel fuels.…
Theoretical yield: Limiting reagent (LR) x M.W. (LR) x Mole to Mole ratio x M.W. (product) = Theoretical yield of product.…
In order to first perform the reaction, 1.5 mL of 4-methylcyclohexanol was added to a pre-weighed 5mL conical vial. The conical vial was then weighed to find the actual mass of 4-methylcycloheaxanol. Then, 0.4mL of 85% phosphoric acid was added to the conical vial using a plastic pipet. Six drops of concentrated sulfuric acid was then added to the vial using a glass pipet. A spin vane was then added before adding the Hickman head, water condenser and a drying tube packed with calcium chloride to the conical vial.…
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of an unknown solid. The freezing point of a solvent (Cyclohexane) was determined, and compare to the freezing point of Cyclohexane with the addition of two different concentration of unknown solid. The pure substance of Cyclohexane has defined physical properties. However, when a solute is added these properties are determined by the amount of solute added, also known as colligative properties. The temperature of the freezing point was lowered when the solid was added and it decreased as the concentration of the solid increased. The molality of the solute was determined, which was then used to calculate the molar mass of the solid for both trials. An average of the molar mass of…
The atom economy of this experiment is 70.68%, which is a good atom economy however the experiment I conducted using a carboxylic acid and alcohol produced an atom economy of 83%. That means this experiment is less efficient than the one I carried out so it would not be beneficial for the company to use this method (alternative 2) to produce the ethyl ethanoate as there is a more efficient method to produce it.…
Placed 18.6 mL of propanoic acid in a 100ml round-bottomed flask with boiling chips, fit a reflux condenser and brought the acid to reflux. Simultaneously, added .33mL of pyrrole and .47 mL of benzaldehyde through the condenser by using plastic syringes and allowed the mixture to heat under the reflux for 30 minutes.…
Before my group and I started our experiment, it was expected that cyclohexane would boil and distil before toluene. The reason behind this is cyclohexane’s lower boiling point in comparison with toluene (81ºC vs.110 ºC). Our distillation process proves…
E Dias de Oliveira, Marcelo, Burton E Vaughan, and Edward J Rykie, Jr. “Ethanol as Fuel:…
This analysis concluded that the unknown was ethylene glycol. This was discovered as the gas was heated to 90 degrees Celsius causing the liquid unknown to evaporate into a gas while recording the mass, volume, temperature, and volume. This provided the mass of 1.6 grams which was found by subtracting the mass of the Erlenmeyer flask, aluminum cover, and rubber band from the mass of the Erlenmeyer flask, aluminum cover and rubber band and unknown gas after heating. Then the temperature of the gas was determined by taking the temperature of the hot water which was 94 and converting it to Kelvin by adding 273.15. This is because the gas was heated to the same temperature of the water as it was submerged so the temperature of the gas was 367.15…
In recent decades, there has been an increased need to produce sufficient renewable energy to support global population growth. In response, it has become crucial to find socially responsible sustainable energy resources that offer energy security, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and do not compromise biodiversity or sustainability of existing resources. Despite efforts to reduce the amount of waste produced, a continually growing population limits the space available in landfills. Municipal and industrial waste biomass is often rich in organic matter, allowing for the creation and use of biofuels as an energy source. This organic matter can be used to synthesize ethanol, methanol, and biodiesel through the conversion of inorganic compounds into energy-producing organic carbon compounds. Moreover, unlike fossil fuels, which take millions of years to form, these organic carbon compounds are formed relatively quickly. Biofuel production from waste is beneficial as it allows for better management of landfill sites, and energy production from materials which typically cannot be recycled or composted. Most importantly, it allows for the reduction of significant amounts of methane produced from landfill gas emissions.…
Today 's world economy relies more than ever on a constant supply of petroleum to fuel a vast number of different vehicles and other applications. Everything from an internal combustion engine in a car to a furnace in a home use a petroleum product as the form of energy needed to make them function. With the burning of oil for energy comes the unwanted side-product of emissions such as carbon dioxide, which have now been proven to affect the Ozone and weather patterns of Earth. These emissions along with the un-rest in the Middle East, a large supplier of oil to the world, have renewed interest in possible new alternative energy sources to cut down on the global dependence on oil. Researchers at some of the top laboratories and automotive companies are now in the process of experimenting to develop these fuels; they are now closer than ever to having a viable alternative to oil.…
This experiment carries out a series of steps to carry out the Cyclohexanol Cycle. The Cyclohexanol Cycle is a multistep process that involves reacting and recycling the same product. Cyclohexanol is the starting material and ultimately is the ending material as well. The final step involves converting the cyclohexanol to nylon 6,6 (Dintzner 262). The experiment in its entirety was carried out following the major principles of green chemistry. Green chemistry is the philosophy of doing chemistry in such a way that reduces or eliminates the use and production of hazardous substances (Dintzner 262).…
As humans progressively use more and more oil, our supply of oil goes down. The depletion of oil has become a problem that people are addressing constantly. Many alternative forms of energy have been developed but no method has proved totally efficient and economic. However, Methanol could prove to be the solution the human race is looking for. Methanol could be used to replace gasoline in our cars for future years to come. Methanol is easy to make because it originates from our trash and biomass. That means that we won’t have to dig or frack for Methanol like we do for oil. When it comes to efficiency, Methanol shockingly wins that category over gasoline which is another advantage to converting to Methanol. On the other hand, Methanol has…
oil, or microdiesel are reviewed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd…