9th grade bio
Cells
Cell Theory-
Cells are the smallest units of life
All organisms are made of one or more cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are organized
Organelles- compartments that perform different functions in the cell
Cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Eukaryotes (Animals, plants, and fungi)
Contain:
Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotes
Nucleoid- region that contains DNA
Flagellum
Characteristics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria (similar to Prokaryotic Cells)
1. contain DNA
2. Divide on their own
3. Produce energy
4. Contain Ribosomes
5. Have enzymes
Double membranes
1. Passive Transport- Diffusion, from high to low concentration, small non-polar particles fit between phospholipids
2. Facilitated Transport (a.k.a facilitated diffusion)- Diffusion, uses a channel protein, large or charged particles
a. Ex: Fructose, amino acids
3. Active Transport- Pushing particles from low to high concentration (against the gradient), uses a carrier protein
4. Vesicle Formation or Membrane assisted transport- Compounds enter/exit in vesicles
A. Diffusion- any small and not charged particles diffuse (goes down the gradient)
B. Osmosis-
a. Water only
b. involves aquaporin
c. diffusion of water down66 the gradient
d. Depends on solute concentrations in/out of cells
e. Water moves to dilute a higher concentration of solute
Dynamic Equilibrium- Molecules are still moving but no net movement (do not move over permeable membrane I think)
1. Concentration Gradient- Difference in concentration between two points
a. Moving down the gradient means moving from high concentration to low
b. Moving against the gradient means moving from low to high concentration
Ex: Oxygen travels through the blood and gets taken up by the cells because it is moving down the gradient
Factors that influence the rate of diffusion
Size and temperature
Larger lower rate
Increase in temperature leads to increase in rate
Types of
Cell Theory-
Cells are the smallest units of life
All organisms are made of one or more cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are organized
Organelles- compartments that perform different functions in the cell
Cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Eukaryotes (Animals, plants, and fungi)
Contain:
Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotes
Nucleoid- region that contains DNA
Flagellum
Characteristics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria (similar to Prokaryotic Cells)
1. contain DNA
2. Divide on their own
3. Produce energy
4. Contain Ribosomes
5. Have enzymes
Double membranes
1. Passive Transport- Diffusion, from high to low concentration, small non-polar particles fit between phospholipids
2. Facilitated Transport (a.k.a facilitated diffusion)- Diffusion, uses a channel protein, large or charged particles
a. Ex: Fructose, amino acids
3. Active Transport- Pushing particles from low to high concentration (against the gradient), uses a carrier protein
4. Vesicle Formation or Membrane assisted transport- Compounds enter/exit in vesicles
A. Diffusion- any small and not charged particles diffuse (goes down the gradient)
B. Osmosis-
a. Water only
b. involves aquaporin
c. diffusion of water down66 the gradient
d. Depends on solute concentrations in/out of cells
e. Water moves to dilute a higher concentration of solute
Dynamic Equilibrium- Molecules are still moving but no net movement (do not move over permeable membrane I think)
1. Concentration Gradient- Difference in concentration between two points
a. Moving down the gradient means moving from high concentration to low
b. Moving against the gradient means moving from low to high concentration
Ex: Oxygen travels through the blood and gets taken up by the cells because it is moving down the gradient
Factors that influence the rate of diffusion
Size and temperature
Larger lower rate
Increase in temperature leads to increase in rate
Types of