Accuracy and Weaknesses of Human Senses
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………….ix LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………..x
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………..xv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background Information 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4 1.3 Hypotheses 5
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.5 Objectives of the Study 6
1.5.1 General Objective 6
1.5.2 Specific Objectives: 6
1.6 Justification 7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 The Global HIV and AIDS Situation 10
2.1.1 The African HIV and AIDS Situation 12
2.1.2 High Risk Groups 13
2.1.3 Epidemiological Classification of HIV Infection Trends 14
2.1.4 The Difference in Risk Factors to HIV Infection between Military and Civilian Populations 15
2.1.5 Factors in the Military Environment that Raises the Risk of HIV Infection 15
2.1.6 Opportunities for Engaging in Risky Behaviour 17
2.1.7 The Risk-Taking Ethos and other Attitudinal Factors 17
2.1.8 Separation from Accustomed Community 18
2.2 Impact of HIV Infections in the Military 19
2.2.1 Effects on Military Preparedness 19
2.2.2 Impact on Infected Individuals and Families 19
2.2.3 Risk of Transmission to Civilian Populations 20
2.3 HIV Prevention and Control in Kenya 20
2.4 Voluntary HIV Testing and Counselling (HTC) 22
2.4.1 Definition 22
2.4.2 Principles of HTC 22
2.4.3 Types of HIV Testing and Counselling 24
2.5 VCT Services in the Kenya Military 25
2.5.1 VCT Approaches/models 27
2.5.2 Present VCT models 27
2.6 Introduction to Counselling Theories 30
2.6.1 Humanistic Theories of Counselling 31
2.6.2 Criticism of Humanistic Psychology 33
2.6.3 Psychoanalytic Theories 34
2.6.4 Criticism of Psychoanalytic Theories 35
2.6.5 Cognitive Behavioural theories 35
2.6.6 Theories and Models in Behaviour Change in HIV and AIDS Prevention 36
2.6.7 The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) 39
2.6.8 The Stages of Change 39
2.6.9 Prochaska 's Model 40
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………….ix LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………..x
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………..xv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background Information 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4 1.3 Hypotheses 5
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.5 Objectives of the Study 6
1.5.1 General Objective 6
1.5.2 Specific Objectives: 6
1.6 Justification 7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 The Global HIV and AIDS Situation 10
2.1.1 The African HIV and AIDS Situation 12
2.1.2 High Risk Groups 13
2.1.3 Epidemiological Classification of HIV Infection Trends 14
2.1.4 The Difference in Risk Factors to HIV Infection between Military and Civilian Populations 15
2.1.5 Factors in the Military Environment that Raises the Risk of HIV Infection 15
2.1.6 Opportunities for Engaging in Risky Behaviour 17
2.1.7 The Risk-Taking Ethos and other Attitudinal Factors 17
2.1.8 Separation from Accustomed Community 18
2.2 Impact of HIV Infections in the Military 19
2.2.1 Effects on Military Preparedness 19
2.2.2 Impact on Infected Individuals and Families 19
2.2.3 Risk of Transmission to Civilian Populations 20
2.3 HIV Prevention and Control in Kenya 20
2.4 Voluntary HIV Testing and Counselling (HTC) 22
2.4.1 Definition 22
2.4.2 Principles of HTC 22
2.4.3 Types of HIV Testing and Counselling 24
2.5 VCT Services in the Kenya Military 25
2.5.1 VCT Approaches/models 27
2.5.2 Present VCT models 27
2.6 Introduction to Counselling Theories 30
2.6.1 Humanistic Theories of Counselling 31
2.6.2 Criticism of Humanistic Psychology 33
2.6.3 Psychoanalytic Theories 34
2.6.4 Criticism of Psychoanalytic Theories 35
2.6.5 Cognitive Behavioural theories 35
2.6.6 Theories and Models in Behaviour Change in HIV and AIDS Prevention 36
2.6.7 The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) 39
2.6.8 The Stages of Change 39
2.6.9 Prochaska 's Model 40
References: 113 7.0 Appendices 119 7.1 Map of Kenya showing the position of the study area (Appendix I) 119 7.2 Topics discussed in focus group discussions and interviews (Appendix II) 120 7.3 Research Instruments Questionnaires (Appendix III) 121