Adderall Research Paper
Adderall Adderall is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Adderall is also used as a performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant.
The medication is a mixture of various salts of the two amphetamine stereoisomers and inactive ingredients; by salt content, the active ingredients are 75% dextroamphetamine salts and 25% levoamphetamine salts . Adderall works by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, which results from its interactions with trace amine associated receptor
1 and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 . Adderall shares many chemical and …show more content…
pharmacological properties with the human trace amine neurotransmitters, especially phenethylamine and, the latter being an isomer of amphetamine that is produced within the human body.
Adderall is generally welltolerated and effective in treating the symptoms of ADHD. The most common side effects are cardiovascular, such as irregular heartbeat, and psychological, such as euphoria or anxiety. Much larger doses of Adderall are likely to impair cognitive function and induce rapid muscle breakdown. Drug addiction is a serious risk of Adderall abuse, but only rarely arises from medical use. Very high doses can result in a psychosis which rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during longterm use. Recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses, and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects. Uses
Dosing and administration
Adderall is available as immediate release tablets or extendedrelease capsules. The extended release capsule is generally used in the morning. The extended release
formulation available under the brand Adderall XR is designed to provide therapeutic effect and plasma concentrations identical to taking two doses 4 hours apart. In leagues such as the NFL, there is a very rigorous process required to obtain an exemption to this rule even when the athlete has been medically prescribed the drug by his physician. Adderall tablets can be crushed and snorted, or dissolved in water and injected. Injection into the bloodstream can be dangerous because insoluble fillers within the tablets can block small blood vessels.
Inhibitors of enzymes that directly metabolize amphetamine will prolong the elimination of amphetamine. Stimulants and antidepressants may increase the drug effects of Adderall, and vice versa. It also triggers the release of several other neurotransmitters from neurons and also the synthesis of neuropeptides peptides). Both active ingredients of Adderall, dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine, bind to the same biological targets, however,
levoamphetamine has slightly greater cardiovascular and peripheral effects. It has been reported that certain children have a better clinical response to levoamphetamine.
The medication is a mixture of various salts of the two amphetamine stereoisomers and inactive ingredients; by salt content, the active ingredients are 75% dextroamphetamine salts and 25% levoamphetamine salts . Adderall works by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, which results from its interactions with trace amine associated receptor
1 and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 . Adderall shares many chemical and …show more content…
pharmacological properties with the human trace amine neurotransmitters, especially phenethylamine and, the latter being an isomer of amphetamine that is produced within the human body.
Adderall is generally welltolerated and effective in treating the symptoms of ADHD. The most common side effects are cardiovascular, such as irregular heartbeat, and psychological, such as euphoria or anxiety. Much larger doses of Adderall are likely to impair cognitive function and induce rapid muscle breakdown. Drug addiction is a serious risk of Adderall abuse, but only rarely arises from medical use. Very high doses can result in a psychosis which rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during longterm use. Recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses, and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects. Uses
Dosing and administration
Adderall is available as immediate release tablets or extendedrelease capsules. The extended release capsule is generally used in the morning. The extended release
formulation available under the brand Adderall XR is designed to provide therapeutic effect and plasma concentrations identical to taking two doses 4 hours apart. In leagues such as the NFL, there is a very rigorous process required to obtain an exemption to this rule even when the athlete has been medically prescribed the drug by his physician. Adderall tablets can be crushed and snorted, or dissolved in water and injected. Injection into the bloodstream can be dangerous because insoluble fillers within the tablets can block small blood vessels.
Inhibitors of enzymes that directly metabolize amphetamine will prolong the elimination of amphetamine. Stimulants and antidepressants may increase the drug effects of Adderall, and vice versa. It also triggers the release of several other neurotransmitters from neurons and also the synthesis of neuropeptides peptides). Both active ingredients of Adderall, dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine, bind to the same biological targets, however,
levoamphetamine has slightly greater cardiovascular and peripheral effects. It has been reported that certain children have a better clinical response to levoamphetamine.