adilah
A Study to Determine the Level of Iron and Copper in Kuala Terengganu Estuary
Muhammad Ali Azraei Bin Raduan ( UK32844 )
Lecturer
Dr. Kesaven a/l Bhubalan
Introduction :
Kuala Terengganu River estuary (5.32°-5.35°N, 102.95°-103.15°E) is situated on the east coast of peninsular Malaysia facing the South China Sea (figure 1). Generally, the Kuala Terengganu River estuary is relatively small and shallow. The total area of the estuary is approximately 8 km2. Maximum depth recorded in this area was only 6 m and the average depth was about 4 m. Two river systems, the Nerus River and the Terengganu River, channel their water into this estuary. The major waste waters discharged into this river and its estuary come from partially-treated domestic waste. The levels of nitrogen and phosphorus are generally low in the riverine system. However, substantial levels were found in the estuary along with the high level of fecal coliform bacterial count (Law et al. 1998). This revealed that there is gross sewage pollution in this estuary. Recent rapid development in Kuala Terengganu due to extensive crude oil production in the off-shore waters of this state, as well as the insufficient wastewater treatment systems, may have led to water quality deterioration in this river and its estuary. If we studied the interactive effects of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) availability on the growth rates, Cu quotas, and steady-state Cu-uptake rates (ρssCu) of 12 phytoplankton (from four classes and two marine environments). A mixed-effect statistical model indicated that low Fe significantly decreased phytoplankton growth rates. In contrast, lowering Cu levels only decreased the growth rates of the oceanic phytoplankton. Under Fe/Cu sufficiency, the Cu quotas ranged from 0.36 to 3.8 μmol Cu · mol−1 C. Copper levels in the growth medium had a significant positive effect on the Cu quotas, and this effect was dependent on the algal class. Under
Muhammad Ali Azraei Bin Raduan ( UK32844 )
Lecturer
Dr. Kesaven a/l Bhubalan
Introduction :
Kuala Terengganu River estuary (5.32°-5.35°N, 102.95°-103.15°E) is situated on the east coast of peninsular Malaysia facing the South China Sea (figure 1). Generally, the Kuala Terengganu River estuary is relatively small and shallow. The total area of the estuary is approximately 8 km2. Maximum depth recorded in this area was only 6 m and the average depth was about 4 m. Two river systems, the Nerus River and the Terengganu River, channel their water into this estuary. The major waste waters discharged into this river and its estuary come from partially-treated domestic waste. The levels of nitrogen and phosphorus are generally low in the riverine system. However, substantial levels were found in the estuary along with the high level of fecal coliform bacterial count (Law et al. 1998). This revealed that there is gross sewage pollution in this estuary. Recent rapid development in Kuala Terengganu due to extensive crude oil production in the off-shore waters of this state, as well as the insufficient wastewater treatment systems, may have led to water quality deterioration in this river and its estuary. If we studied the interactive effects of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) availability on the growth rates, Cu quotas, and steady-state Cu-uptake rates (ρssCu) of 12 phytoplankton (from four classes and two marine environments). A mixed-effect statistical model indicated that low Fe significantly decreased phytoplankton growth rates. In contrast, lowering Cu levels only decreased the growth rates of the oceanic phytoplankton. Under Fe/Cu sufficiency, the Cu quotas ranged from 0.36 to 3.8 μmol Cu · mol−1 C. Copper levels in the growth medium had a significant positive effect on the Cu quotas, and this effect was dependent on the algal class. Under