This is the first formal theory of aging and it was brought forward by Elaine Cumming and William Henry in 1961, and they looked at how society views older people. During their research they found that older people disengaged from society. They argue that older personnel withdraw from society, for example they stop working/retirement, they stop socialising, they feel that they are no longer needed by wider society, for example they younger generation, the wider society does not include family and friends, and that age is a number that represents what we can and cannot do. On reflection we can see that this view is flawed because it is very dated and does not show a true picture of today’s society and views. Also this view is the total opposite of the newer activity theory.…
The two ethical dilemmas presented in the simulation involved possible sexual harassment in the workplace and the reporting of inaccurate scientific data. Using a five-step method referred to as the Baird Decision Model, one made the most ethical decision based on four different perspectives. The perspectives, referred to as the Rights and Responsibilities, Results, Relationship, and Reputation Lenses, required one to take into account various aspects when determining the best decision to make for each dilemma.…
It is hypothesized that depletion of monoamines transmitters cause emotions such as sadness and guilt and can lead to psychiatric disorders such as depression. Thus, it is probably that due to a depletion of monoamines and other biologic functions within the brain, Mrs. B is feeling sad and lonely two of her loved ones have left her. These outside events have somehow triggered neurotransmitters in her body to make her experience such feelings as sadness and loneliness.…
Ageism is the discrimination and prejudice of an individual, most particularly senior citizens. Social norms marginalize senior citizens by treating them with disrepect, making them feel unwelcomed, and generalizing them as if they are all the same. Although society regards senior citizens as slow and full of health issues, they are actually mentally and physically fit. The elderly also present and contribute a lot to the same society that outcasts them. Adolescents also experience ageism as they are constantly told they are too young or not educated enough to do certain things. This causes the diversity of society where your either too old or too young. in society nobody is ever the perfect age. Ageism is a negative impact on people as it robs them of their indepence, sense of choice, and dignity.…
The Psychological study of decision making began after theories were introduced in order to understand an individual’s thought process when faced with decisions. The aim of these theories was to examine whether or not humans are rational decision makers by introducing probabilities and the evaluation of risk. This essay will evaluate The Expected Utility Theory, The Prospect Theory and other potential influences to decision making. As well as state both the strengths and weaknesses of them, in order to determine how they have contributed to the understanding of human thought and decision making.…
Ageism is defined as prejudice and discrimination against old people. Schafer writes that for the ageist, elderly persons reflect the image of disease, death, and dying as well as a reminder that we all be old one day (2012,pp. 395-396). Another stereotype of the elderly is that they are slow and mentally dysfunctional. All of this is further emphasized by society’s fixation with youth.…
The activity theory of aging was constructed on the basis of an individual’s life satisfaction directly related to his or her level of social interaction and/or the level of the activity. The activity theory states that people develop ideas about themselves based on their daily activities and the rolls that they play in life. According to the theory many people give up roles as they age. Many often move into roles that makes them question their self identity such as; retirement, becoming a widow or widower. And because…
From the functionalist perspective, aging is a social problem because the institutions of modern society are not meeting the needs of the dependent elderly. Interactionist believes that the elderly are stigmatized because they do not conform to the norms of a youth-oriented culture. Conflict theorist view the problems of the elder as stemming from lack of power to shape social institution to meet their needs…
ANNA O • Anna O (real name Bertha Pappenheim) was not actually Freud’s patient, she was a patient of Freud’s older friend Josef Breuer. However, Anna O can still claim the distinction of being the founding patient of psychoanalysis because Freud developed the first stages of his theory based on her case. It is, therefore, worth knowing a few details of her case. At the time of her illness, Anna was 21 years old and until the illness struck she had been healthy and intelligent and had shown no signs of neurosis1 . However, her feelings had always been exaggerated and she could be moody and she day-dreamed a great deal. Her illness fell into several phases: 1. Latent incubation - the early signs of her illness began when her father fell ill and she had to nurse him. Gradually her illness became so bad that she could no longer nurse her father. The main symptom at this stage was a severe cough. 2. Manifest illness - Breuer described this as a “psychosis of a peculiar kind” where she had some paralysis of the right arm and leg, a squint, severe disturbances of vision. She began to hallucinate and was abusive, threw things at people and accuse others of doing things to her. Later in the course of her illness she began to speak only in English (she was a native German speaker) but could still understand German! 3. After her Father’s death - sleepwalking added to the other symptoms and she could no longer understand German and began to refuse food.…
This is the idea that our social system leads to obedience. If people see themselves as individuals, they will respond as individuals in an autonomous state in a situation. There are two states which individuals are in, these are the agentic…
This article briefly explains the Three-term contingency and the Behavioural Perspective Model (BPM). It further draws upon the BPM to examine the extent to which all of the elements of the BPM could be combined to produce a more effective social marketing initiative to influence students not to smoke in the university cafeteria.…
Albert Bandura a modern theorist helped reshape the theoretical landscape of behaviorism. Bandura believes that three factors influence one another in determint of behavior: the environment, the behavior itself and personal or cognitive factors that the person brings into situation from earlier experience.…
Growing old is a delicate and difficult journey. I use to find myself feeling uncomfortable and uneasy whenever I was in the presence of someone in old age. Their fragility made me anxious and I always struggled with finding similarities and bonding with aging people. Looking back, I realized this was a very ignorant and self-centered way to think and behave. Malcolm Cowley's essay, “The View from 80” gave me a new perspective on aging individuals. His essay made me realize I identify with the internal struggle the elderly experience. “That View From 80” allowed me relate on a deep level to the aging individual's fight to keep their dignity, the struggle to maintain their identity, and the process of accepting life's changes.…
Now, how can knowing the Ageing Identity lead to the construction of the Meaning of Ageing? The Response or the Communication Behavior (4) after assuming their preferred constructed Ageing Identity fills in this gap. As argued by Symbolic Interactionism, individuals also respond to objects based on the meaning that they assign to it (Poloma, 1999). This is parallel to how the geriatrics respond according to the identity he assigns to his Self. According to Mead, the self can be an object to ascribe meaning to. Case in point, when an old person sees himself as a leader, which is carried over by how he worked from his past, then his valued identity (labelled as ageing identity in this study) will respond as leading people within the home for the…
Miss Nadia Ayub has been a constant source of help and inspiration to us throughout our research report and finding. We would also like to thanks Institute of Business Management for giving us the permission to carry out our research within her premises and let us use its resources, we would also like to thanks all those who made a very significant and much appreciated contribution in our research and helped us in finding result.…