Agnew's General Strain Theory

Robert Agnew published the general strain theory of crime and delinquency in 1992 as an improvement upon previous strain theory arguments proposed by Merton (1938), A. Cohen (1955), and Cloward and Ohlin (1960). The general strain theory explains crime and delinquency at an individual level, with a particular focus in social-psychological factors in the individual’s life. Despite the individualized approach, general strain theory includes some discussions of implications on the macro-, or structural, level as well. The theorist expands on earlier iterations of strain theories by supplementing the possible sources of strain, further specifying the relationship between strain and delinquent actions, contributing to the understanding of adaptations
Rather than having social class goals, youth are often striving for intelligence, physical attractiveness, personality, or strength/athletic ability-driven goals. The foundational idea of strain is still upheld, however, as strain continues to be weighed in terms of separation between the goal and actual achievement. Since individuals are strongly motivated to close the gap between aspirations and results, delinquency is sometimes considered a possible option (Agnew, 1992, p. 225). Similarly, general strain theory discusses the idea of expectation versus reality. Adolescents generally have high expectations of positive stimuli; when their expectations are not met, emotions such as anger, resentment, disappointment, and unhappiness often result. Consequently, delinquency can once again be perceived as a viable option (Agnew, 1992, p. 226). Lastly, strain is sometimes seen in the idea of equity or fair/just outcomes. Humans have a tendency to compare themselves to one another, and often have a set of “distributive justice” rules in their head, whereby input/output ratios of everyone in a relationship are roughly equivalent. In some senses this can seem oversimplified, but most rational people do have an idea that they will get what they earn, and only as much as they put into a relationship or
With each of these sources of strain there is an increased likelihood of negative emotions. In terms of strain theory, anger is the most critical of emotional reactions, though feelings of personal injury, desire for revenge, lowered inhibitions, and energy for action all play a part in reaction to the strain as well. The highly emotional state caused by strain predisposes individuals towards delinquent behavior, particularly adolescents. Chronic strain can increase the predisposition, as can other factors such as the people involved. On the other hand, healthy coping mechanisms can lower the predisposition towards delinquent behavior (Agnew, 1992, p.