Alzheimer's Disease Research Paper
Writing Assignment: Air Pollution and Alzheimer’s Disease
Read the Review Article: Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and Alzheimer’s disease
Paula Velencia Moulton and Wei Yang
Journal of Environmental and Public Health, Volume 2012
Address the following questions or statements in complete sentences and/or paragraphs. Do not copy or repeat excerpts from the article. Show independent thought and use your own words.
1. Describe Alzheimer’s disease and some of the clinical pathologies of the disease.
a. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological disorder in which the death of brain cells can cause memory loss and losing the ability to learn. Some of the symptoms are worsened ability to remember new information. For example, asking getting lost …show more content…
on a familiar route. Another symptom is impairment to reasoning, for example inability to manage finances. There are many symptoms but to name one last one is impaired speaking, reading, and writing. For example, difficulty thinking of common words while speaking.
2. Based on information that you learned or through research, describe how two of the common risks factors, APOE-4 alleles and cardiovascular disease, contribute to Alzheimer’s disease.
a.
There are two common risks factors that contribute to Alzheimer’s disease and that is APOE-4 alleles and cardiovascular disease. APOE-4 alleles are a class of apolipoprotein found in chylomicron and intermediate-density lipoprotein that is essential for the normal catabolism of triglyceride rich lipoprotein constituents. APOE-4 is the principal cholesterol carrier in the brain. Cardiovascular disease is heart and blood vessel disease. It is when plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. Both APOE-E protein and impaired blood flow contribute to Alzheimer’s …show more content…
disease.
3. Describe that what type of macromolecule APOE-4 is and how it is related to disease.
a. Apolipoprotein E is a cholesterol carrier that aids in lipid transport and injury repair of the brain. They are genetic protein that can determine the Alzheimer’s disease. People that have proteins e2 allele and e3 allele are more prone for getting Alzheimer’s disease.
4. Describe how air pollution might contribute to Alzheimer’s disease via oxidative stress/inflammation. Describes some benefits of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
a.
Air pollution includes ozone, particulate matter, carbon dioxide, and lead. The associating between air pollution like particulate matter and ozone can lead to oxidative stress causing AD pathology. Air pollution has been increasing due to environmental toxins. Air pollution is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular pathology especially in the aging population. To stop the oxidative stress the ROS is antioxidant defense mechanisms. ROS are important for maintaining oxygen homeostasis in tissues.
5. Describe what oxidative stress and explain why neurons are susceptible to oxidative stress.
a. Air pollution can contribute to AD because it enhances oxidative stresses processes causing physiological alteration in the central nervous system. If high levels of oxidative stress, the neurons are vulnerable to mitochondrial damage by free radicals. It will become irreversible in the brain because damage cells can be replaced.
6. Describe the macromolecules found within Alzheimer’s patients. Where are these macromolecules found in the patient?
a. Macromolecules found within Alzheimer’s patients are damage lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, mitochondria and other cell compartments due to oxidative stress. Alzheimer’s patients are older because this process of damaging the mitochondria increases with
age.
7. Describe how this article is related to what has been covered in your coursework either chemistry or biology.
a. This article relates to my organic chemistry class where he talk about how too much amount of oxygen can damage the cells but too much of air pollution does the same. Therefore from what I learned in my biology class homeostasis is required for a cell to be in stable equilibrium.
8. Describe the early and late roles of Aβ peptide in the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
a. Aβ peptide of 36-43 amino acids that are involved in Alzheimer’s disease. Air pollution can accelerate amyloid beta 42 accumulations. This cause neuronal dysfunction of Aβ peptide plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Aβ peptide protects against oxidative stress, regulate of cholesterol transport.
9. Describe some of the biological effects that air pollution can produce on the body at a cellular and subcellular level contributing to Alzheimer’s disease.
a. Air pollution damages the olfactory mucosa, olfactory bulb, and frontal cortex region tissues which was similar symptoms of AD patients. Air pollution can affect cellular and subcellular over time. Mostly the accumulation and damage of certain structures.
10. In addition to air pollution, genetics, and the common risk factors outlined in the article, describe in a paragraph or two, a risk factor that may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease and discuss some preventive measures.
a. Have people tested before they get old and see if they have the EPOE-4 gene. The people that live in more air polluted countries like Arizona, have them tested to. Avoid air pollution because that causes oxidative built up. Other preventive measure are to looking into strengthen your ROS/ other fighting cells and brain neurons by taking vitamins, using your brain and buying plants to put around your house that cleans out the bad air pollution.
Read the Review Article: Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and Alzheimer’s disease
Paula Velencia Moulton and Wei Yang
Journal of Environmental and Public Health, Volume 2012
Address the following questions or statements in complete sentences and/or paragraphs. Do not copy or repeat excerpts from the article. Show independent thought and use your own words.
1. Describe Alzheimer’s disease and some of the clinical pathologies of the disease.
a. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological disorder in which the death of brain cells can cause memory loss and losing the ability to learn. Some of the symptoms are worsened ability to remember new information. For example, asking getting lost …show more content…
on a familiar route. Another symptom is impairment to reasoning, for example inability to manage finances. There are many symptoms but to name one last one is impaired speaking, reading, and writing. For example, difficulty thinking of common words while speaking.
2. Based on information that you learned or through research, describe how two of the common risks factors, APOE-4 alleles and cardiovascular disease, contribute to Alzheimer’s disease.
a.
There are two common risks factors that contribute to Alzheimer’s disease and that is APOE-4 alleles and cardiovascular disease. APOE-4 alleles are a class of apolipoprotein found in chylomicron and intermediate-density lipoprotein that is essential for the normal catabolism of triglyceride rich lipoprotein constituents. APOE-4 is the principal cholesterol carrier in the brain. Cardiovascular disease is heart and blood vessel disease. It is when plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. Both APOE-E protein and impaired blood flow contribute to Alzheimer’s …show more content…
disease.
3. Describe that what type of macromolecule APOE-4 is and how it is related to disease.
a. Apolipoprotein E is a cholesterol carrier that aids in lipid transport and injury repair of the brain. They are genetic protein that can determine the Alzheimer’s disease. People that have proteins e2 allele and e3 allele are more prone for getting Alzheimer’s disease.
4. Describe how air pollution might contribute to Alzheimer’s disease via oxidative stress/inflammation. Describes some benefits of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
a.
Air pollution includes ozone, particulate matter, carbon dioxide, and lead. The associating between air pollution like particulate matter and ozone can lead to oxidative stress causing AD pathology. Air pollution has been increasing due to environmental toxins. Air pollution is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular pathology especially in the aging population. To stop the oxidative stress the ROS is antioxidant defense mechanisms. ROS are important for maintaining oxygen homeostasis in tissues.
5. Describe what oxidative stress and explain why neurons are susceptible to oxidative stress.
a. Air pollution can contribute to AD because it enhances oxidative stresses processes causing physiological alteration in the central nervous system. If high levels of oxidative stress, the neurons are vulnerable to mitochondrial damage by free radicals. It will become irreversible in the brain because damage cells can be replaced.
6. Describe the macromolecules found within Alzheimer’s patients. Where are these macromolecules found in the patient?
a. Macromolecules found within Alzheimer’s patients are damage lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, mitochondria and other cell compartments due to oxidative stress. Alzheimer’s patients are older because this process of damaging the mitochondria increases with
age.
7. Describe how this article is related to what has been covered in your coursework either chemistry or biology.
a. This article relates to my organic chemistry class where he talk about how too much amount of oxygen can damage the cells but too much of air pollution does the same. Therefore from what I learned in my biology class homeostasis is required for a cell to be in stable equilibrium.
8. Describe the early and late roles of Aβ peptide in the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
a. Aβ peptide of 36-43 amino acids that are involved in Alzheimer’s disease. Air pollution can accelerate amyloid beta 42 accumulations. This cause neuronal dysfunction of Aβ peptide plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Aβ peptide protects against oxidative stress, regulate of cholesterol transport.
9. Describe some of the biological effects that air pollution can produce on the body at a cellular and subcellular level contributing to Alzheimer’s disease.
a. Air pollution damages the olfactory mucosa, olfactory bulb, and frontal cortex region tissues which was similar symptoms of AD patients. Air pollution can affect cellular and subcellular over time. Mostly the accumulation and damage of certain structures.
10. In addition to air pollution, genetics, and the common risk factors outlined in the article, describe in a paragraph or two, a risk factor that may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease and discuss some preventive measures.
a. Have people tested before they get old and see if they have the EPOE-4 gene. The people that live in more air polluted countries like Arizona, have them tested to. Avoid air pollution because that causes oxidative built up. Other preventive measure are to looking into strengthen your ROS/ other fighting cells and brain neurons by taking vitamins, using your brain and buying plants to put around your house that cleans out the bad air pollution.