Russia, officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation is a country in northern Eurasia.
It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83federal subjects. From northwest to southeast,Russia sharesborders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometers (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people.
Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, ores, and is the second largest oil producer and second largest natural gas producer globally. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
Russia has the humid continental climate, which is prevalent in all parts of the country except for the tundra and the extreme southeast. Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia has a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia, and more moderate elsewhere. The strips of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the Russian Arctic islands, have a polar climate.
The coastal part of Krasnodar Krai on the Black Sea, most notably in Sochi, possesses a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters.
From north to south the East European Plain, also known as Russian Plain, is clad sequentially in Arctic tundra, coniferous forest (taiga), mixed and