American Intervention In The 19th Century Essay
. As an example of this is the intervention of the United States in the middle-east with the objective to discontinue the creation of a terrorist state, ISIS. The United States acted without the considering the consequences on the middle-east countries and therefore millions of people have die because of it.
In the 19th century, many events took place in the development of international organizations and they were encouraged by three important movements. First, the concert of Europe established in 1850, which represented the balance of forces that existed in Europe from the end of the wars against Napoleon to the outbreak of the First World War. It was established by four powers who were the members of the Quadruple Alliance that overcome Napoleon and his French Empire. It was an informal organization working under the same coordinated behavior based on rights and responsibilities; there were also organized meeting that set important practices that served as a model for later international organizations. The concert of Europe was important for global governance because it functioned as the inspiration for the League of Nations Council and the UN Security Council. …show more content…
The second innovation of the 19th century was the Public International Unions.
With the arrived of the industrial revolution European countries had to deal with new challenges such as, problem stemming, expanding commerce, communications, and technological innovation; Challenges that contributed to the creation of new agencies like The International Telegraph Union (ITU) and the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Organizations that then led to a cooperation among European countries to voluntary accomplish nonpolitical responsibilities, which contributed to the establishment of structural bureaus, councils, and conferences that served to coordination of international organizations today. Also, Public international unions structured the techniques for multilateral
conventions.
Finally, the third innovation was The Hague System, created with the purpose for all states to participate in problem solving to prevent wars and act in a rational way. It was in The Hague conferences where non-European states and small participants were given equal voice for the first time. It also encouraged novel ideas such as the common interest humankind and the codification of international law. Furthermore, 19th century innovations founded the structure for the development of Intergovernmental organizations for the next century.
After World War I, which was one of the worst wars in history, The League of Nations created in 1919 was an ideological success mainly focus on preventing wars, with a pacifist proposal that continues to this day. The League of Nations was important because it was the beginning of what we know now as the Organization of the United Nations. The new international organization was intended to unite all nations and guarantee the independence and integrity of all of them. It gave place to international organizations and started the unification of states that shared the same global purposes which was to respect the sovereignty of other states.
The League of Nations is different from the three governance innovations that emerged in the 19th century because its main objective was not only to achieve peace between nations but also economic and social cooperation. Moreover, the institution was formed by the Assembly, the Council and the Permanent Secretariat, factors that other organizations did not develop. The Council was formed by eighth states, of which four were permanent and four were elected. The permanent ones were England, Italy, France and Japan. The council acted as a commission of inquiry and conciliation in any dispute that was presented to it; It approved secretariat appointments and implement peaceful settlements. The non-member countries of the Company could present any issue that directly affects their interests to the Board. The Assembly, composed of the member states of the League, each State had the right to one vote. they were in charge of proposing and voting resolutions and recommendations unanimously, as well as elect non-permanent members of the Council. The candidatures of new member countries had to obtain the approval of two thirds of the votes of the Assembly to be accepted into the league. And finally, the Secretariat was a permanent body that was responsible for preparing the sessions of the Assembly and the Council, as well as the preparation of reports and documents.
The League of Nations was successful at the foundation of unification and peaceful coordination of different countries, especially in Europe. But at the same time, it had a series of problems since its inception. The first was the refusal of the United States Senate to approve the Treaty, which made the US government never adhere to the league, leaving out of reach a world power of the time. The second was the systematic exclusion of Germany due to their condition as defeated countries in the First World War. The invasion of Manchuria by Japan in 1931 was the second major blow that the league received, Japan left the organization in 1933 but without receiving effective sanctions from members of the league and without having restored to China the territory of Manchuria. And finally, the league could not respond to the economic depression in 1930. Therefore, the League of Nations never achieved sufficient authority to impose mandatory resolutions on its members.
There is a need for international laws because of the emergence of different challenges and issues around the world. For example, after the Cold war’s end and the industrial revolution, new events and changes in the world came alone; such as globalization and technological innovations. These events led to new matters like environmental problems, human rights, economic issues, etc. And consequently, the world politics were and still are affected by it. States voluntary compromise themselves with international laws, therefore it works because it has been the States themselves that have created the norms that are applicable to them and that are convenient for them to be fulfilled in the international arena. Examples of this are the agreements like NAFTA, and many others. And in my opinion, this is the main limitation of international law. In other words, in international law there is no police force whose purpose is to mandatory include a state into the application of its laws nor there is a court that has compulsory jurisdiction over all the States of the international community. In the end, it is up to the States themselves to decide before which international jurisdiction they will submit their disputes with other States or before which international jurisdiction their citizens will be subject.
The challenges of global governance are very complex. The irreversible nature of globalization imposes the need for a global community project. Globalization comprises a complex process in which international relations of multiple types are mixed: commercial, political, human, social, economic, financial, industrial, cultural and any other imaginable category. With this concept, we can think of ideas of union, of breaking down or weakening of borders, of cooperation, of freedom, of progress. Unfortunately, not everything works in this perfect way, international integration, commercial openness, free exchange, ultra-connectivity and other issues that come with globalization do not generate the same results for all the inhabitants of the planet. This is why, globalization increases the need for global governance, to consider laws and norms to equally benefit all nations.
Furthermore, International institutions are illegitimated and incapable of becoming agents of change. In the IFIs and in the WTO, decisions are made regarding the global economy that affect millions of citizens who did not elect the representatives of these institutions, while the enormous efforts of the UN agencies to combat social and environmental deficiencies have. In spite of everything, they were insufficient to solve the big problems such as poverty, injustice, inequality or environmental degradation. Finally, States, corporations and civil society also do not know how to solve the challenges generated by globalization. The States are not capable of generating ambitious international agreements, nor do they intend to delegate strategic plots of political power to other actors. On the other hand, the increasingly powerful corporations are limited to fulfilling the capitalist mandate that consists in generating their own economic benefit. These are some examples of the challenges that GG need to address but there are many more that just as important as these, such as the proliferation of non-state actors, among others.
In the 19th century, many events took place in the development of international organizations and they were encouraged by three important movements. First, the concert of Europe established in 1850, which represented the balance of forces that existed in Europe from the end of the wars against Napoleon to the outbreak of the First World War. It was established by four powers who were the members of the Quadruple Alliance that overcome Napoleon and his French Empire. It was an informal organization working under the same coordinated behavior based on rights and responsibilities; there were also organized meeting that set important practices that served as a model for later international organizations. The concert of Europe was important for global governance because it functioned as the inspiration for the League of Nations Council and the UN Security Council. …show more content…
The second innovation of the 19th century was the Public International Unions.
With the arrived of the industrial revolution European countries had to deal with new challenges such as, problem stemming, expanding commerce, communications, and technological innovation; Challenges that contributed to the creation of new agencies like The International Telegraph Union (ITU) and the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Organizations that then led to a cooperation among European countries to voluntary accomplish nonpolitical responsibilities, which contributed to the establishment of structural bureaus, councils, and conferences that served to coordination of international organizations today. Also, Public international unions structured the techniques for multilateral
conventions.
Finally, the third innovation was The Hague System, created with the purpose for all states to participate in problem solving to prevent wars and act in a rational way. It was in The Hague conferences where non-European states and small participants were given equal voice for the first time. It also encouraged novel ideas such as the common interest humankind and the codification of international law. Furthermore, 19th century innovations founded the structure for the development of Intergovernmental organizations for the next century.
After World War I, which was one of the worst wars in history, The League of Nations created in 1919 was an ideological success mainly focus on preventing wars, with a pacifist proposal that continues to this day. The League of Nations was important because it was the beginning of what we know now as the Organization of the United Nations. The new international organization was intended to unite all nations and guarantee the independence and integrity of all of them. It gave place to international organizations and started the unification of states that shared the same global purposes which was to respect the sovereignty of other states.
The League of Nations is different from the three governance innovations that emerged in the 19th century because its main objective was not only to achieve peace between nations but also economic and social cooperation. Moreover, the institution was formed by the Assembly, the Council and the Permanent Secretariat, factors that other organizations did not develop. The Council was formed by eighth states, of which four were permanent and four were elected. The permanent ones were England, Italy, France and Japan. The council acted as a commission of inquiry and conciliation in any dispute that was presented to it; It approved secretariat appointments and implement peaceful settlements. The non-member countries of the Company could present any issue that directly affects their interests to the Board. The Assembly, composed of the member states of the League, each State had the right to one vote. they were in charge of proposing and voting resolutions and recommendations unanimously, as well as elect non-permanent members of the Council. The candidatures of new member countries had to obtain the approval of two thirds of the votes of the Assembly to be accepted into the league. And finally, the Secretariat was a permanent body that was responsible for preparing the sessions of the Assembly and the Council, as well as the preparation of reports and documents.
The League of Nations was successful at the foundation of unification and peaceful coordination of different countries, especially in Europe. But at the same time, it had a series of problems since its inception. The first was the refusal of the United States Senate to approve the Treaty, which made the US government never adhere to the league, leaving out of reach a world power of the time. The second was the systematic exclusion of Germany due to their condition as defeated countries in the First World War. The invasion of Manchuria by Japan in 1931 was the second major blow that the league received, Japan left the organization in 1933 but without receiving effective sanctions from members of the league and without having restored to China the territory of Manchuria. And finally, the league could not respond to the economic depression in 1930. Therefore, the League of Nations never achieved sufficient authority to impose mandatory resolutions on its members.
There is a need for international laws because of the emergence of different challenges and issues around the world. For example, after the Cold war’s end and the industrial revolution, new events and changes in the world came alone; such as globalization and technological innovations. These events led to new matters like environmental problems, human rights, economic issues, etc. And consequently, the world politics were and still are affected by it. States voluntary compromise themselves with international laws, therefore it works because it has been the States themselves that have created the norms that are applicable to them and that are convenient for them to be fulfilled in the international arena. Examples of this are the agreements like NAFTA, and many others. And in my opinion, this is the main limitation of international law. In other words, in international law there is no police force whose purpose is to mandatory include a state into the application of its laws nor there is a court that has compulsory jurisdiction over all the States of the international community. In the end, it is up to the States themselves to decide before which international jurisdiction they will submit their disputes with other States or before which international jurisdiction their citizens will be subject.
The challenges of global governance are very complex. The irreversible nature of globalization imposes the need for a global community project. Globalization comprises a complex process in which international relations of multiple types are mixed: commercial, political, human, social, economic, financial, industrial, cultural and any other imaginable category. With this concept, we can think of ideas of union, of breaking down or weakening of borders, of cooperation, of freedom, of progress. Unfortunately, not everything works in this perfect way, international integration, commercial openness, free exchange, ultra-connectivity and other issues that come with globalization do not generate the same results for all the inhabitants of the planet. This is why, globalization increases the need for global governance, to consider laws and norms to equally benefit all nations.
Furthermore, International institutions are illegitimated and incapable of becoming agents of change. In the IFIs and in the WTO, decisions are made regarding the global economy that affect millions of citizens who did not elect the representatives of these institutions, while the enormous efforts of the UN agencies to combat social and environmental deficiencies have. In spite of everything, they were insufficient to solve the big problems such as poverty, injustice, inequality or environmental degradation. Finally, States, corporations and civil society also do not know how to solve the challenges generated by globalization. The States are not capable of generating ambitious international agreements, nor do they intend to delegate strategic plots of political power to other actors. On the other hand, the increasingly powerful corporations are limited to fulfilling the capitalist mandate that consists in generating their own economic benefit. These are some examples of the challenges that GG need to address but there are many more that just as important as these, such as the proliferation of non-state actors, among others.