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The church was designed in such a beautiful way that people come just to see the decorated chapels. There are two of these chapels - the lower chapel and the upper chapel. The lower chapel is highly decorated, and is dedicated to the Virgin Mary. During the reign of King Louis IX, this area of the cathedral was reserved for palace staff. The architecture in this chapel is stunning; the ceiling is painted to appear a starry sky, the walls hold representations of the Apostles, and even the floor holds tombstones of reverends and treasurers of the Sainte-Chapelle. The one negative thing about the lower chapel is that it is quite dark. This is a contrast to the upper chapel. The upper chapel is light and full of color, and is known as the “Highlight of the Monument.” The decorations show art and religion working harmoniously, and there is a sense of holiness in this area because this is the chapel in which the Holy Relics were kept. Although both of these chapels are very beautiful, perhaps the most beautiful thing of all in this cathedral are the stained glass windows. Appearing in dominant colors of blue and red, there are about 600 square meters of these stained glass windows. The art dates back to a long time ago - the twelfth century craftsmanship is ancient, yet so perfect to the cathedral. What is even more stunning about these window panes is that they can be read in arches that go from left to right. In fact, they tell…
Topic: "People here talk of the Mauer im Kopf or the Wall in the Head.” Discuss how Funder uses symbols to explore key themes in Stasiland.…
Albrecht Durer was a man of Northern Renaissance who established his reputation across Europe in the 16th century. Durer has secured his reputation until today and has been conventionally regarded as one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance in Northern Europe. He is still very much discussed among artists and many art historians and for the people who do not have any interests in art even knows some of his art works. Durer’s works are extensively analyzed and interpreted but traditional art historians, in general, merely focused on iconography or Durer’s artistic skills in depicting architectural perspective. In this paper, we will explore Durer’s woodcut printmaking in the context of commercial use and narrow down this discussion to…
Brent Staples wrote a very interesting article that caught my attention. It is about Godzilla and how the American cinemas took Godzilla and hid its true meaning. Even pop culture can relay moralistic messages by using tone, purpose, and subliminal.…
Section I: Calhoun’s Oregon Bill Speech: A Denunciation of Natural Law in Defense of Slavery…
The period approximately from 1000 to the late 1300s can be concerned to be the time of full bloom of the Gothic cathedral. As the famous architectural style, the Gothic style was originated from France. In this essay, French gothic and English gothic have been selected to demonstrate how two historical periods can have many differences but still remain true to their own religious variations, architectural features and functions and meanings to create insightful parallels. Five of the French cathedrals and one of the English cathedrals have been selected to represent French and English gothic periods respectively, including Notre-Dame Cathedral (Figure 1), Chartres Cathedral (Figure 2), Amiens Cathedral (Figure 3), Beauvais Cathedral (Figure…
During the Civil War was the beginning of the Reconstruction era that took place up until the late 1870’s, which for some was a success but a failure to others. Not only was it a civil rights movement but it also re-created the southern way of life, temporarily divided a political party, broke down another, and affected the nation in ways that would have long-term consequences. Two of the three major Reconstruction plans were that of President Lincoln and Vice President Johnson that both sought to readmit the south as quickly as possible. Lincoln maintained that the political leadership of the South had seceded. His plan did not exclude people like Johnson’s did.…
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction had some of Lincoln’s key concepts in it but the plan also differed from Lincoln’s greatly. The looming showdown between Lincoln and the Congress over competing reconstruction plans never occurred. The president was assassinated on April 14, 1865. His successor, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, lacked his predecessor’s skills in handling people; those skills would be badly missed. Johnson’s plan envisioned Pardons that would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath but No pardons would be available to high Confederate officials and persons owning property valued in excess of $20,000. Also, a state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted and a state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before being readmitted. Most of the seceded states began compliance with the president’s program. Congress was not in session, so there was no immediate objection from that quarter. However, Congress reconvened in December and refused to seat the Southern representatives.…
Wight’s work has previously been demonstrated with the International Style, but upon deeper understanding of his architecture one can come to the conclusion that it does not exactly agree with the movement. He allowed his work to be included in first exhibition of the International style in the hopes of demonstrating the immense difference of his structures compared to the work by Le Corbusier’s, Alvar Aalto, Walter Gropius and many others.…
“Shaking off from my spirit what must have been a dream, I scanned more narrowly the real aspect of the building. Its principal feature seemed to be that of an excessive antiquity. The discoloration of ages had been great. Minute fungi overspread the whole exterior, hanging in a fine tangled web-work from the eaves. Yet all this was apart from any extraordinary dilapidation. No portion of the masonry had fallen; and there appeared to be a wild inconsistency between its still perfect adaptation of parts, and the crumbling condition of the individual stones. In this there was much that reminded me of the specious totality of old wood-work which has rotted for long years in some neglected vault, with no disturbance from the breath of the external air. Beyond this indication of extensive decay, however, the fabric gave little token of instability. Perhaps the eye of a scrutinizing observer might have discovered a barely perceptible fissure, which, extending from the roof of the building in front, made its way down the wall in a zigzag direction, until it became lost in the sullen waters of the tarn.” (pp.5)…
Layers of inscriptions, phallic symbols and graffiti drawings have been discovered from of one of the walk-in alleys and traces of red, black and green frescoes that have been obtained from recent restorations point out that the environment was far more colorful than what is perceived today. Currently It provides insight into architectural technologies that were used centuries…
Reconstruction was a failure. It had two main goals, which were to bring the South back into the Union and bring blacks into society. These goals were at odds with each other and could not be met at the same time. Therefore, Johnson chose the first option and allowed the South within the Union, but left the second option basically for people to figure out which was not a success. All in all it was a failure socially, economically, and politically.…
The complex foreground of this image dominates the distant depiction of the Seine’s right bank in old Paris wreathed in gun smoke. A careful inspection of the buildings to the right will reveal the structure of Notre Dame, a sign of the King’s power, which now triumphantly flies the tricolored flag. When the tricolor was hoisted up the north tower of the famed Cathedral on the morning of July the 28th, it roused the Parisians who had watched the white, royal flag fly for the preceding fifteen…
"Sacred architecture is not, a 'free' art, developed from 'feelings' and 'sentiment', but it is an art strictly tied by and developed from the laws of geometry" (Schneider). This is a governing principle behind the architecture and stained-glass images in Chartres Cathedral: the building wasn’t just built without a plan or the art didn’t just happen, it is a systematic creation using geometry (Crossley 232). Scholasticism is the main contributor to the use of geometry to organize how the Cathedral was built. Briefly described, scholasticism is taking events, concepts, or miracles, that we can’t understand, and organizing a structured argument to provide an explanation. In the Chartres Cathedral, the architecture and art not only display sacred religious events and scenes from the Bible, but also secular events, such as everyday chores like farming or cleaning. There is clearly a union trying to be made here between things of this earthly world – science, philosophy, reason – and things that go beyond the earthly world – faith, theology, revelation. This is where scholasticism is found, because it organizes events and understanding to find God in the secular and sacred. In Chartres Cathedral, the building as a whole is meant to take us from the corruption of this world and into the presence of God, which embodies light. There is great detail in each stained-glass window, specifically in the exactness of the geometry and also in the Biblical stories they portray, which again point us to God, and also show how scholasticism has helped shape the organized design behind many things in the Cathedral.…
In plan, Le Cabanon has a radial scheme in which the dynamics of the space are directed to isolate the core of the house. Similar to St. Gall, there is an inward focus to the essence of the architecture. Every piece of furniture is placed in relation to the central core. As Corbusier states, “volume and surface are determined by the plan”. Le Corbusier painted on the window panel, so that when closed his focus would be directed into the interior. The siting and purpose of Le Cabanon reflect isolation as well. Built as a retreat overlooking the natural word, it serves as a physical and emotional removal to modern life. The identification of the horizon and vast sea through windows explore the infinite. The physical infinite inspires the individual metaphorically.…