animalphy1

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­_____________________________________________________________________________________FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT BIO560
ASB3Cb
EXPERIMENT 1: FUNDAMENTAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES (ACID & BASES)

STUDENT'S NAME
MOHAMAD SYAMIL BIN MD. JANI
2013618492

LECTURER'S NAME: MDM
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 1 OCTOBER 2014
DATE OF SUBMIT: 8 OCTOBER 2013

INTRODUCTION:
Physiology is a quantitative science that works on measuring changes that occur in living organisms. To study physiology we are requires a knowledge of units of measurement, solution’s concentration and acid-base balance.
The units that frequently used in physiology is for length, volume, weight, temperature, pressure, energy, work, and power. Moreover, concentration of solution also important in physiology. As example, we have to being expert in calculating percentage (%) solutions and molar (M) solutions. We also have to understand osmotic concepts. Last but not least, we have to know about acid-base balance. pH, acid and bases, and buffer system. Acid is substance that dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+). Base is a substance that dissociates into hydroxyl ions (H-). Buffer is a solutions containing substance that have the ability to minimize change in the pH when an acid or base was added into it. Acid and base balance in human body is essential for all living things. When there are slightly change of pH, it will affect the enzymes activity in the body and also cause disturbance to the whole body system. There are three mechanisms to keep our pH level constant at 7.35 to 7.45 which are chemical buffer, respiration and lastly our kidney.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To familiarize with the units of measurements frequently used in physiology.
2. To understand and be able to use proper units of measurements.
3. To understand the various means of expressing concentrations, that is used in physiology.
4. To review the concepts of pH and acid-base balance.
MATERIALS:
1. 25 ml Concentrated HCL and NaOH
2. 1L Phosphate buffer solution
3. 250 ml beakers
4. pH meters
5. Stirring rods
PROCEDURE:
1. The pH meter was warmed up and been set at room temperature.
2. The pH electrode was immersed in 150 ml distilled water contained in 250 ml beaker and the pH of the water was recorded.
3. 1 drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCL was added into the distilled water and the pH reading was recorded. These procedures were repeated for 4 additional drops of HCl and the new pH reading was recorded.
4. By using new beaker filled with 150 ml distilled water, 1 drop of concentrated sodium hydroxide, NaOH was added into the distilled water and the pH reading was recorded. This procedure also was repeated for 4 additional drops of base and the new pH recorded.
5. The pH electrode was removed from the solution and rinse with distilled water and dry with tissue.
6. The electrode was immersed in 150 ml phosphate buffer solution in 250 ml beaker and the pH was recorded.
7. The addition of concentrated acid and base as in step 3 and 4 were repeated on this buffer solution. New pH reading after each drop was recorded.

RESULTS:
1. Distilled water
Drops
Initial pH
1
2
3
4
Concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl
6.78
3.71
2.02
1.93
1.82
Concentrated sodium hydroxide, NaOH
6.78
9.05
9.44
9.61
10.18

2. Phosphate buffer solution.
Drops
Initial pH
1
2
3
4
Concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl
6.89
6.53
6.41
5.96
3.44
Concentrated sodium hydroxide, NaOH
6.77
6.88
6.95
7.01
7.08

DISCUSSION:

In this experiment, we have stdy the concepts of acid-base balance in human body. In our body, homeostasis process occur in order to stabilizing the normal condition of the body. Acid-base balance is one of the homeostasis process that occurs in human body. After first experiment have been carried out, distilled water was used and been added with HCl and NaOH in difference beaker. Based on the results obtained, both solution that been added shows increasing in pH for NaOH as the solution become more basic and decreasing in pH after been added with HCl which the solution becomes more acidic.
When there are change in pH, either the pH becomes more acidic or alkaline can cause enzyme denatured. This is because enzyme is too sensitive to changes of the body pH. And lose their ability or function and death may occur. Therefore homeostasis is important to maintain pH of our body. As we know, acidosis is condition when pH of blood drop below normal pH (7.4 pH) and alkalosis is when the pH of blood rises above the normal. There are several organ that generally involve in this process for example lungs, kidney and buffer system. According to Merck Manual (home edition), lungs control the blood pH of the body by releasing carbon dioxide from the lungs. As the carbon dioxide is mildly acidic. The kidney play a role same as lung because it have ability to alter the pH but slowly than lungs do. Lastly, buffer systems. Which guard against sudden shifts in acidity and alkalinity. The most important pH buffer system in the blood involves carbonic acid (is a weak acid formed from the carbon dioxide dissolved in blood) and bicarbonate ions (the corresponding weak base). The bicarbonate buffering system is an important buffer system in the acid-base homeostasis of living things including humans.

CONCLUSION:

REFERENCE:
1. Keller. D (2012) .Understanding Acid- Base Balance in Human Body. Retrieved on 9th October 2014 at http://www.brighthubeducation.com/science-homework-help/108712-acid-base-balance-in-the-human-body/.
2. Merck Manual (home edition), (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal_and_metabolic_disorders/acid-base_balance/overview_of_acid-base_balance.html