Annotated Bibliography
(How to Create and Annotated Bibliography is my sample topic here you would put in your topic) by Lou Petitemorte submitted to Dr. Joel D. Nicholson Seminar in International Business Fall Semester, 2003 November 4, 2003 INTRODUCTION This annotated bibliography is designed to give graduate students a clear idea of how to prepare an annotated bibliography. It is essential that an annotated bibliography begins with a clear indication of the topic. In this case, my topic is how to do an annotated bibliography in your case you would write something like This annotated bibliography is designed to give readers a comprehensive indication of readings regarding the nature of international expatriate selection and training programs utilized by U.S.
…show more content…
Multinational Enterprises (US MNEs). Hence, the reader knows both from your title and your first lines of the introduction what topic is covered. The introduction can be short, ranging from one to a few pages. In very formal writing, it could be double-spaced. It looks better to do this in this case in a single-spaced format.
This example has been prepared in APA (American Psychological Association) format, because it is perhaps the easiest to use. Other formats (MLA, Chicago, etc.) are good to use, but are more difficult in what they require. In preparing the introduction, you should follow the indication of the topic with a brief description of how you went about preparing the bibliography. Tell what kind of selection criteria you used. In this case I used general selection criteria, drawing from academic articles, academic texts, books, popular press, and Internet resources dealing with the general topic of how to prepare an annotated bibliography. Note that for your annotated bibliography, the majority of the references cannot come from the Internet, but rather must come from written materials in the library or other sources. You should state how your selections represent the field that you are examining. Give an idea of why you chose these particular selections. Finally, you should give a brief description of the debates or issues that are salient to the topic you are …show more content…
discussing. For example, if you were doing expatriate selection and training programs in US MNEs, you would frame it in terms of the major issues involved (1) historically, US MNEs have had a higher failure rate than have their European or Japanese counterparts and these articles examine the nature of these differences (2) a variety of different training programs are available and vary in rigor according to the cultural distance or gap that exists between the home and host countries and (3) effective selection and training programs cannot be considered separately from the entire expatriation/repatriation process. You may wish to give a brief description of key terms such as Key terms Expatriate A manager who is assigned to work in a country other than his or her native country. MNE A Multinational Enterprise, a firm or organization with extensive international operations. Repatriation Bringing an expatriate back to the home country after having served a term as an expatriate in a host country. So thats an example of how the introduction should look. Note that mine is a little over one page, single-spaced. Below follows the actual annotated bibliography example. It is your choice whether you number them or not. Note that I have divided the library and Internet references into two sections. You can either combine yours or do them in two sections your choice. The library references I have provided are just examples drawn from a couple of different courses I teach. The Internet examples, however, are real annotated bibliographic examples, in most cases. You may well wish to surf through them to get the general idea. As you look through the examples of annotated bibliographies posted on the class web site, you will notice some differences in formatting. I have taken the liberty of using one that I think is neat, where I have the citation all flushed left and the annotation all block indented. Ive left out page numbering as that sometimes fouls things up when posting to the web. Ive also added a tad bit more space between entries, just for a clear look. There are other ways to do these, as you will see. Dont sweat the really small stuff the format does not have to be perfect. Just get it together in this basic way and make it neat. Good luck. (Please excuse some anomalies that are a result of web-posting). ANNOTATED PRINT REFERENCES Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S. (2000). Transnational Management Text, Cases and Readings in Cross-Border Management, (3rd ed.). Boston Irwin/McGraw-Hill. This is an advanced undergraduate or graduate textbook of use for International Business. It represents the work of two distinguished professors (Bartlett and Ghoshal) who have brought the newest form of the Multinational Enterprise (MNE) into clear focus in recent years Transnationalism is presented as a solution to the conflicting demands for local responsiveness and global economies of scale and scope. Black, J.S., Gregersen, H.B., and Mendenhall, M.E. (1992). Global Assignments Successfully Expatriating and Repatriating International Managers. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass. Failed global assignments whether due to premature returns, poor employee performance, inability of spouse or family to adapt, or turnover after repatriation cost Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) millions of dollars annually. Aside from direct costs, the indirect costs of expatriate failure are evening more staggering. This book provides a framework for understanding the complexities of strategic international human resource management and the critical expatriation/repatriation process. Dowling, P.J, Welch, D.E., and Schuler, R.S. (1999). International Human Resource Management Managing People in a Multinational Context, (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH South-Western College Publishing. This is an advanced undergraduate or graduate textbook of use for International Human Resource Management (IHRM). It covers all of the functional areas of HRM in the international arena, including the organization context of the MNEs international expansion path and its relation to HR considerations, the relationship between firm strategy and IHRM strategy, International Recruitment and Selection, Performance Management (including performance evaluation), Training and Development, International Compensation and Benefits, Repatriation, International and Comparative Labor Relations, and trends and special developments in IHRM. The book explores the special complexities that differentiate domestic from international HRM practices. Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (2000). Readings Cases In International Human Resource Management, (3rd ed.). Ontario, Canada South-Western College Publishing. This is an upper-division undergraduate or graduate reader and text to use in an International Human Resource Management (IHRM) course. Rather than approach all of the functional areas of IHRM, the book is organized into sections covering the following critical topics The Context of IHRM Strategy and IHRM Staffing for International Operations Management Development Performance Appraisal and Compensation Labor and Employee Relations Cross-Cultural Issues in Productivity and Quality HR Issues in International Joint Ventures and Managing Expatriate Assignments. Both cases and readings by noted scholars in the IHRM field are used to explore these topics. Schneider, S. and Barsoux, J.L.
Culture and Organization. (2000). In C.A. Bartlett and S. Ghoshal (Eds.) Transnational Management Text, Cases and Readings in Cross-Border Management, (3rd ed.). Boston Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Abstract. Intuitively people have always assumed that bureaucratic structures and patterns of action differ in the different countries of the Western world and even more markedly between East and West. Practiti oners know it and never fail to take it into account. But contemporary social scientists...have not been concerned with such comparisons. (Crozier, 1964). This reading analyzes Hofstedes work-related values, viewing their interaction two at a time. By plotting two dimensions onto graphs, various groupings of countries or cultural profiles emerge for groups sharing similar value orientations. Four basic structural types of organizations are discussed using power distance and uncertainty avoidance together The Village Market (Anglo/Nordic), The Family or Tribe (Asian), The Well-oiled Machine (Germanic), and the Traditional Bureaucracy or Pyramid of People (Latin). The meanings each has for organizations are discussed, as well as culture and its relation to processes such as policies,
procedures, systems, controls, information, communication, and decision-making. The transferability of best practices is discussed. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY INTERNET SOURCES Fields, A. (n.d.). Developing an Annotated Bibliography. Accessed October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.lib.ohio-state.edu/eduweb/annotated.htm http//www.lib.ohio-state.edu/eduweb/annotated.htm The site provides a good, simple, definition and hands-on description of what an annotated bibliography is all about. An example and several other electronic references are given. Hong, Y. (1996). Publishing of Annotated Bibliographies Promises and Challenges for the 90s. Accessed October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.ifla.org/IV/ifla62/62-hony.htm http//www.ifla.org/IV/ifla62/62-hony.htm This is a full paper written about the need for and structure of annotated bibliographies (with references). Funderberg Library, Manchester College. (n.d.). Writing an Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved October 10, 2003 HYPERLINK http//www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/ref/elcstyle.htm http//www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/ref/elcstyle.htm This site provides information from several good universities on how to write an Annotated Bibliography, including Caly Poly San Luis Obispo, Cornell, Purdue, St. Cloud, and the University of Wisconsin. Western State College of Arizona (n.d.). Guide to Research at Savage Library. Retrieved October 13, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.western.edu/lib/instruction/guide.html http//www.western.edu/lib/instruction/guide.html A comprehensive set of resources for writing papers and searching the web. Of particular interest note that under special guides there is a good link called HYPERLINK http//www.western.edu/lib/instruction/bibliography.html Preparing an Annotated Bibliography How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.library.cornell.edu/okuref/research/skill28.htm http//www.library.cornell.edu/okuref/research/skill28.htm This guide explains what an annotated bibliography is. It also gives clear examples of how to develop an annotated bibliography. The technical difference between abstracts and annotations are given. The research process of developing an annotated bibliography is discussed. Hiles, J. A Model Annotated Bibliography from Dr. Jane Hiles. Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.samford.edu/schools/artsci/english/hiles/annotate.htmhttp//www.samford.edu/schools/artsci/english/hiles/annotate.htm Here is another example of an MLA project done by a professor for her students such as I am doing for you. Note this one has only one entry example, but does give some good information on how to do one. LEO Literacy Education Online Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved on December 4th, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//leo.stcloudstate.edu/acadwrite/annotated.html http//leo.stcloudstate.edu/acadwrite/annotated.html A bibliography or works cited provides readers with the author, title and publication details of a source, whereas an annotated bibliography adds a brief summary, or annotation, about each source (book, magazine, journal, etc.). Placed just below the facts of the publication, the annotation describes the content of the work so that future reference to the entry by a researcher will provide essential data. When writing the annotation, provide enough information in approximately three to five sentences for readers to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the sources purpose, content, and special value. Be sure to use complete sentences and to avoid wordiness. Owens, William. Writing an Annotated Bibliography. The University of Minnesota, Crookston. Retrieved on December 4th,2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.crk.umn.edu/library/links/annotate.htm http//www.crk.umn.edu/library/links/annotate.htm This is an organized list of sources (references cited), such as books, journals, newspapers, magazines, Web Pages, etc., each of which is followed by an annotation or description of each item. APA STYLE GUIDES INTERNET SOURCES A Guide for Writing Research Papers based on Styles Recommended by the American Psychological Association. Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//webster.commnet.edu/apa/apa_intro.htmhttp//webster.commnet.edu/apa/apa_intro.htm Introduction This guide is based on a document prepared in 1995 by Patricia S. Burgess, Ph.D., a volunteer staff member for America Online, and subsequently modified and updated for use on the World Wide Web by members of the Humanities Department and library staff at Capital Community College in Hartford, Connecticut. In March and April of 1997, it was modified to its present question-and-answer format. Hawaii Pacific University (n.d.). APA Home. R Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.arnberg.com/apa/APA_Home.htm http//www.arnberg.com/apa/APA_Home.htm This abstract summarizes the most important aspects of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed. APA manual). The abstract is designed to assist graduate students preparing writing assignments for most courses at Hawaii Pacific University (HPU). The abstract is not meant to replace the APA manual.Generally, students who read and apply the concepts in the APA manual receive better marks than those students who rely solely on this abstract. APA mistakes tend to distract from the content of the assignment. This professor has extracted pertinent information from the entire APA manual. He has attempted to list the appropriate page numbers from the APA manual that correspond to the information listed on each of the Web pages in the abstract. Long Island University (n.d.) Citation Style for Research Papers. Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citation.htm http//www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citation.htm This site has links to several different style guides, including APA, Turabian, MLA, Chicago, and AMA. The examples show the different sections of sample print and electronic citations in different colors to clearly mark the distinctions in structure (you do not actually cite sources in color like this). The site has a wealth of information, including general guidance on writing research papers, plagiarism, and a section that describes in detail the anatomy of a citation. The University of Wisconsin, Madison. Format APA Headings for your Paper. Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPAHeadings.html http//www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPAHeadings.html This is an excellent site for demonstrating clearly what the five different levels of APA headings are and how they function. It is part of a larger Writers Center Handbook at UWM, which is listed next. The University of Wisconsin, Madison. The Writers Center Writers Handbook (n.d.) Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/index.html http//www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/index.html This is an excellent site for understanding various elements of the writing process, common types of writing assignments, grammar and punctuation, and improving your writing style. Navigating to HYPERLINK http//www.wisc.edu/writing/AboutUs/Links.htmlInternet http//www.wisc.edu/writing/AboutUs/Links.htmlInternet will open for you a host of similar writing sites. Purdue University (n.d.) OWL The Online Writing Lab at Purdue University. Accessed on October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html. The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue is one of the most comprehensive writing assistance sites around. It has extensive information for both MLA (Modern Language Association) and APA (American Psychological Association, 5th ed.) Writing Style Guides. This site offers it all, right down to how to cite dialogue in television shows and how to remove various racial and gender biases in writing. There are examples for everything. Harnak, A. and Kleppinger, E. (2003). Online A Reference Guide to Using Internet Resources. Accessed October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/ http//www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/ This is an electronic book on the Internet. It has several chapters, includes ones on various style guides including APA, MLA, Chicago, CPE and Columbia. Cal State University L.A. (n.d.) ASA Format American Sociological Association. Accessed October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.calstatela.edu/library/bi/rsalina/asa.styleguide.html http//www.calstatela.edu/library/bi/rsalina/asa.styleguide.html This is another comprehensive site on writing style, citations and references but from the American Sociological Association (ASA). The University of Victoria (n.d.). Citation and Writing Guides. Accessed October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//uviclib.uvic.ca/erf/citation.html http//uviclib.uvic.ca/erf/citation.html A Canadian University Library site which has comprehensive information on writing styles, references, and other specialties such as hypertext language. It shows how to cite maps gives leads to multiple search engines for a variety of special topics, such as PsychInfo for Psychology. There is grammar help and instructions on how to prepare an annotated bibliography. Mt. Holyoke College Library (n.d.). Style Guides for Citing Electronic Resources. October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/ref/elcstyle.htm http//www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/ref/elcstyle.htm This site provides an interesting, topic-by-topic comparison chart of APA and MLA Style Guides. It also tackles some topics not seen elsewhere, including synchronous communication protocols, telnet, email, ISO protocols, and the Columbia Writing Style Guide.
Multinational Enterprises (US MNEs). Hence, the reader knows both from your title and your first lines of the introduction what topic is covered. The introduction can be short, ranging from one to a few pages. In very formal writing, it could be double-spaced. It looks better to do this in this case in a single-spaced format.
This example has been prepared in APA (American Psychological Association) format, because it is perhaps the easiest to use. Other formats (MLA, Chicago, etc.) are good to use, but are more difficult in what they require. In preparing the introduction, you should follow the indication of the topic with a brief description of how you went about preparing the bibliography. Tell what kind of selection criteria you used. In this case I used general selection criteria, drawing from academic articles, academic texts, books, popular press, and Internet resources dealing with the general topic of how to prepare an annotated bibliography. Note that for your annotated bibliography, the majority of the references cannot come from the Internet, but rather must come from written materials in the library or other sources. You should state how your selections represent the field that you are examining. Give an idea of why you chose these particular selections. Finally, you should give a brief description of the debates or issues that are salient to the topic you are …show more content…
discussing. For example, if you were doing expatriate selection and training programs in US MNEs, you would frame it in terms of the major issues involved (1) historically, US MNEs have had a higher failure rate than have their European or Japanese counterparts and these articles examine the nature of these differences (2) a variety of different training programs are available and vary in rigor according to the cultural distance or gap that exists between the home and host countries and (3) effective selection and training programs cannot be considered separately from the entire expatriation/repatriation process. You may wish to give a brief description of key terms such as Key terms Expatriate A manager who is assigned to work in a country other than his or her native country. MNE A Multinational Enterprise, a firm or organization with extensive international operations. Repatriation Bringing an expatriate back to the home country after having served a term as an expatriate in a host country. So thats an example of how the introduction should look. Note that mine is a little over one page, single-spaced. Below follows the actual annotated bibliography example. It is your choice whether you number them or not. Note that I have divided the library and Internet references into two sections. You can either combine yours or do them in two sections your choice. The library references I have provided are just examples drawn from a couple of different courses I teach. The Internet examples, however, are real annotated bibliographic examples, in most cases. You may well wish to surf through them to get the general idea. As you look through the examples of annotated bibliographies posted on the class web site, you will notice some differences in formatting. I have taken the liberty of using one that I think is neat, where I have the citation all flushed left and the annotation all block indented. Ive left out page numbering as that sometimes fouls things up when posting to the web. Ive also added a tad bit more space between entries, just for a clear look. There are other ways to do these, as you will see. Dont sweat the really small stuff the format does not have to be perfect. Just get it together in this basic way and make it neat. Good luck. (Please excuse some anomalies that are a result of web-posting). ANNOTATED PRINT REFERENCES Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S. (2000). Transnational Management Text, Cases and Readings in Cross-Border Management, (3rd ed.). Boston Irwin/McGraw-Hill. This is an advanced undergraduate or graduate textbook of use for International Business. It represents the work of two distinguished professors (Bartlett and Ghoshal) who have brought the newest form of the Multinational Enterprise (MNE) into clear focus in recent years Transnationalism is presented as a solution to the conflicting demands for local responsiveness and global economies of scale and scope. Black, J.S., Gregersen, H.B., and Mendenhall, M.E. (1992). Global Assignments Successfully Expatriating and Repatriating International Managers. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass. Failed global assignments whether due to premature returns, poor employee performance, inability of spouse or family to adapt, or turnover after repatriation cost Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) millions of dollars annually. Aside from direct costs, the indirect costs of expatriate failure are evening more staggering. This book provides a framework for understanding the complexities of strategic international human resource management and the critical expatriation/repatriation process. Dowling, P.J, Welch, D.E., and Schuler, R.S. (1999). International Human Resource Management Managing People in a Multinational Context, (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH South-Western College Publishing. This is an advanced undergraduate or graduate textbook of use for International Human Resource Management (IHRM). It covers all of the functional areas of HRM in the international arena, including the organization context of the MNEs international expansion path and its relation to HR considerations, the relationship between firm strategy and IHRM strategy, International Recruitment and Selection, Performance Management (including performance evaluation), Training and Development, International Compensation and Benefits, Repatriation, International and Comparative Labor Relations, and trends and special developments in IHRM. The book explores the special complexities that differentiate domestic from international HRM practices. Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (2000). Readings Cases In International Human Resource Management, (3rd ed.). Ontario, Canada South-Western College Publishing. This is an upper-division undergraduate or graduate reader and text to use in an International Human Resource Management (IHRM) course. Rather than approach all of the functional areas of IHRM, the book is organized into sections covering the following critical topics The Context of IHRM Strategy and IHRM Staffing for International Operations Management Development Performance Appraisal and Compensation Labor and Employee Relations Cross-Cultural Issues in Productivity and Quality HR Issues in International Joint Ventures and Managing Expatriate Assignments. Both cases and readings by noted scholars in the IHRM field are used to explore these topics. Schneider, S. and Barsoux, J.L.
Culture and Organization. (2000). In C.A. Bartlett and S. Ghoshal (Eds.) Transnational Management Text, Cases and Readings in Cross-Border Management, (3rd ed.). Boston Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Abstract. Intuitively people have always assumed that bureaucratic structures and patterns of action differ in the different countries of the Western world and even more markedly between East and West. Practiti oners know it and never fail to take it into account. But contemporary social scientists...have not been concerned with such comparisons. (Crozier, 1964). This reading analyzes Hofstedes work-related values, viewing their interaction two at a time. By plotting two dimensions onto graphs, various groupings of countries or cultural profiles emerge for groups sharing similar value orientations. Four basic structural types of organizations are discussed using power distance and uncertainty avoidance together The Village Market (Anglo/Nordic), The Family or Tribe (Asian), The Well-oiled Machine (Germanic), and the Traditional Bureaucracy or Pyramid of People (Latin). The meanings each has for organizations are discussed, as well as culture and its relation to processes such as policies,
procedures, systems, controls, information, communication, and decision-making. The transferability of best practices is discussed. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY INTERNET SOURCES Fields, A. (n.d.). Developing an Annotated Bibliography. Accessed October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.lib.ohio-state.edu/eduweb/annotated.htm http//www.lib.ohio-state.edu/eduweb/annotated.htm The site provides a good, simple, definition and hands-on description of what an annotated bibliography is all about. An example and several other electronic references are given. Hong, Y. (1996). Publishing of Annotated Bibliographies Promises and Challenges for the 90s. Accessed October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.ifla.org/IV/ifla62/62-hony.htm http//www.ifla.org/IV/ifla62/62-hony.htm This is a full paper written about the need for and structure of annotated bibliographies (with references). Funderberg Library, Manchester College. (n.d.). Writing an Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved October 10, 2003 HYPERLINK http//www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/ref/elcstyle.htm http//www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/ref/elcstyle.htm This site provides information from several good universities on how to write an Annotated Bibliography, including Caly Poly San Luis Obispo, Cornell, Purdue, St. Cloud, and the University of Wisconsin. Western State College of Arizona (n.d.). Guide to Research at Savage Library. Retrieved October 13, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.western.edu/lib/instruction/guide.html http//www.western.edu/lib/instruction/guide.html A comprehensive set of resources for writing papers and searching the web. Of particular interest note that under special guides there is a good link called HYPERLINK http//www.western.edu/lib/instruction/bibliography.html Preparing an Annotated Bibliography How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.library.cornell.edu/okuref/research/skill28.htm http//www.library.cornell.edu/okuref/research/skill28.htm This guide explains what an annotated bibliography is. It also gives clear examples of how to develop an annotated bibliography. The technical difference between abstracts and annotations are given. The research process of developing an annotated bibliography is discussed. Hiles, J. A Model Annotated Bibliography from Dr. Jane Hiles. Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.samford.edu/schools/artsci/english/hiles/annotate.htmhttp//www.samford.edu/schools/artsci/english/hiles/annotate.htm Here is another example of an MLA project done by a professor for her students such as I am doing for you. Note this one has only one entry example, but does give some good information on how to do one. LEO Literacy Education Online Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved on December 4th, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//leo.stcloudstate.edu/acadwrite/annotated.html http//leo.stcloudstate.edu/acadwrite/annotated.html A bibliography or works cited provides readers with the author, title and publication details of a source, whereas an annotated bibliography adds a brief summary, or annotation, about each source (book, magazine, journal, etc.). Placed just below the facts of the publication, the annotation describes the content of the work so that future reference to the entry by a researcher will provide essential data. When writing the annotation, provide enough information in approximately three to five sentences for readers to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the sources purpose, content, and special value. Be sure to use complete sentences and to avoid wordiness. Owens, William. Writing an Annotated Bibliography. The University of Minnesota, Crookston. Retrieved on December 4th,2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.crk.umn.edu/library/links/annotate.htm http//www.crk.umn.edu/library/links/annotate.htm This is an organized list of sources (references cited), such as books, journals, newspapers, magazines, Web Pages, etc., each of which is followed by an annotation or description of each item. APA STYLE GUIDES INTERNET SOURCES A Guide for Writing Research Papers based on Styles Recommended by the American Psychological Association. Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//webster.commnet.edu/apa/apa_intro.htmhttp//webster.commnet.edu/apa/apa_intro.htm Introduction This guide is based on a document prepared in 1995 by Patricia S. Burgess, Ph.D., a volunteer staff member for America Online, and subsequently modified and updated for use on the World Wide Web by members of the Humanities Department and library staff at Capital Community College in Hartford, Connecticut. In March and April of 1997, it was modified to its present question-and-answer format. Hawaii Pacific University (n.d.). APA Home. R Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.arnberg.com/apa/APA_Home.htm http//www.arnberg.com/apa/APA_Home.htm This abstract summarizes the most important aspects of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed. APA manual). The abstract is designed to assist graduate students preparing writing assignments for most courses at Hawaii Pacific University (HPU). The abstract is not meant to replace the APA manual.Generally, students who read and apply the concepts in the APA manual receive better marks than those students who rely solely on this abstract. APA mistakes tend to distract from the content of the assignment. This professor has extracted pertinent information from the entire APA manual. He has attempted to list the appropriate page numbers from the APA manual that correspond to the information listed on each of the Web pages in the abstract. Long Island University (n.d.) Citation Style for Research Papers. Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citation.htm http//www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citation.htm This site has links to several different style guides, including APA, Turabian, MLA, Chicago, and AMA. The examples show the different sections of sample print and electronic citations in different colors to clearly mark the distinctions in structure (you do not actually cite sources in color like this). The site has a wealth of information, including general guidance on writing research papers, plagiarism, and a section that describes in detail the anatomy of a citation. The University of Wisconsin, Madison. Format APA Headings for your Paper. Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPAHeadings.html http//www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPAHeadings.html This is an excellent site for demonstrating clearly what the five different levels of APA headings are and how they function. It is part of a larger Writers Center Handbook at UWM, which is listed next. The University of Wisconsin, Madison. The Writers Center Writers Handbook (n.d.) Retrieved October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/index.html http//www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/index.html This is an excellent site for understanding various elements of the writing process, common types of writing assignments, grammar and punctuation, and improving your writing style. Navigating to HYPERLINK http//www.wisc.edu/writing/AboutUs/Links.htmlInternet http//www.wisc.edu/writing/AboutUs/Links.htmlInternet will open for you a host of similar writing sites. Purdue University (n.d.) OWL The Online Writing Lab at Purdue University. Accessed on October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html. The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue is one of the most comprehensive writing assistance sites around. It has extensive information for both MLA (Modern Language Association) and APA (American Psychological Association, 5th ed.) Writing Style Guides. This site offers it all, right down to how to cite dialogue in television shows and how to remove various racial and gender biases in writing. There are examples for everything. Harnak, A. and Kleppinger, E. (2003). Online A Reference Guide to Using Internet Resources. Accessed October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/ http//www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/ This is an electronic book on the Internet. It has several chapters, includes ones on various style guides including APA, MLA, Chicago, CPE and Columbia. Cal State University L.A. (n.d.) ASA Format American Sociological Association. Accessed October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.calstatela.edu/library/bi/rsalina/asa.styleguide.html http//www.calstatela.edu/library/bi/rsalina/asa.styleguide.html This is another comprehensive site on writing style, citations and references but from the American Sociological Association (ASA). The University of Victoria (n.d.). Citation and Writing Guides. Accessed October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//uviclib.uvic.ca/erf/citation.html http//uviclib.uvic.ca/erf/citation.html A Canadian University Library site which has comprehensive information on writing styles, references, and other specialties such as hypertext language. It shows how to cite maps gives leads to multiple search engines for a variety of special topics, such as PsychInfo for Psychology. There is grammar help and instructions on how to prepare an annotated bibliography. Mt. Holyoke College Library (n.d.). Style Guides for Citing Electronic Resources. October 10, 2003 from HYPERLINK http//www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/ref/elcstyle.htm http//www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/ref/elcstyle.htm This site provides an interesting, topic-by-topic comparison chart of APA and MLA Style Guides. It also tackles some topics not seen elsewhere, including synchronous communication protocols, telnet, email, ISO protocols, and the Columbia Writing Style Guide.