Annotated Bibliography
UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CORINTH CAMPUS Instructor: Mr. Lambert Phillip Submission date: 28th February, 2013 Music Education GROUP MEMBERS
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................Pg 3
Membranophones ................................................................................................Pg 4-5
Idiophones ...............................................................................................Pg 6-9
Chordophones ...............................................................................................Pg10-11
Aerophones ..............................................................................................Pg …show more content…
12- 15
Electrophones ...............................................................................................Pg 16- 18
Appendix ...............................................................................................Pg 19-21
References .............................................................................................. Pg 22-23
Introduction A musical instrument is constructed or used for the purpose of making the sounds of music. The history of musical instruments dates back to the beginnings of human culture. The academic study of musical instruments is called organlogy. Music has been classified in many various ways by the Chinese, Hindus and Greeks; however there always seemed to be an exclusion of an instrument. This ancient system—based on the material producing sound—was adopted by the Belgian instrument maker and acoustician Victor-Charles Mahillon, who named his four main classes autophones, or instruments made of a sonorous material that vibrates to produce sound (e.g., bells, rattles); membranophones, in which a stretched skin is caused to vibrate (e.g., drums); aerophones, in which the sound is produced by a vibrating column of air (wind instruments); and chordophones, or stringed instruments. The Austrian musicologist Erich von Hornbostel and his German colleague Curt Sachs accepted and expanded Mahillon’s basic division, creating the classification now used in most systematic studies of instruments and it is known as the Hornbostel- Sachs system. The system comprises of five classes which are idiophones, membranophones, chordophones, aerophones and electrophones. The Hornbostel- Sachs system was created for the purpose of bringing order to the massive collections of musical instruments in ethnographic museums. It is directly comparable to the various book classification systems of libraries and, like them, is arbitrary. Musicians themselves generally think of instruments in terms of their technological features and playing method.
Membranophones A membranophones is any instrument that produces sound mainly by way of vibrating stretched membrane. It is one of the four main divisions of instruments in the Hornbostel- Sachs system musical instrument classifications, most membranophones are drums. Hornbostel- Sachs divides drums into three main types: struck drums, where the skin is hit with a stick, the hand, or something else; string drums, where a knotted string attached to the skin is pulled, passing its vibrations onto the skin; and friction drums, where some sort of rubbing motion causes the skin to vibrate (a common type has a stick passing through a hole in the skin which is pulled back and forth). Membranophones can also be divided into large divisions based on shape and manner of sound production: Tubular drums include a wide range of drum shapes, like waisted, long, footed, cylindrical, conical and barrel .Kettle drums and vessel drums are characterized by the presence of rounded bottoms. Frame drums consist of a membrane stretched across a frame. Friction drums produce sound by rubbing a stick through a hole in a membrane stretched across a frame. Cylindrical drums are straight-sided, and generally two-headed. A buzzing, percussive string is sometimes used such as the bass drum and the Iranian dohol. Conical drums are sloped on the sides, and are usually one headed such as the Indian tabla and the Venezuelan chimbangueles. In addition to drums, there is another kind of membranophone, called the singing membranophone, of which the best known type is the mirliton or kazoo. These instruments modify a sound produced by something else, commonly the human voice, by having a skin vibrate in sympathy with it.
Idiophones Idiophones are instruments that are made from materials that have their own unique sounds such as ceramics, glass, metal, or wood all create different vibrations. Sometimes they are hit (wood blocks, chimes), moved (bell and clapper) or shaken (rattles). They are generally considered part of the percussion section in a band or orchestra. The earliest idiophones were stones hit together to make music. Some common idiophones are bells, castanets, cymbals, glockenspiel, gong, rattle, wood block, and xylophone. A bell is a semi-enclosed hollow vessel usually of metal, but sometimes of horn, wood, glass, or clay, struck near the rim either by an interior clapper or an exterior hammer or mallet to produce a ringing sound.
Bells may be categorized broadly as percussion instruments, and more specifically as idiophones. The walls vary from straight to convex, concave, hemispherical, barrel shaped (as in East Asia). All Western tower bells are tulip shaped, in cross section they may be round, square, rectangular, elliptical, or many-sided. Chinese bells often have lotus-shaped rims. The strongest sound-producing vibrations of bells occur near the rim (in Western bells, in the “sound bow”), in contrast to hollow gongs, where the vibrations are strongest in the centre. The acoustical structure of bell sound is complex and has been completely understood only in modern times. All bells contain an array of partials, or sound-wave frequencies of various pitches, but the tone of a musical bell consists of both harmonious partials and higher inharmonious …show more content…
partials. Castanets are a percussion instrument (idiophone), used in Kalo, Moorish, Ottoman, ancient Roman, Italian, Spanish, Sephardic, Swiss, and Portuguese music. The instrument consists of a pair of concave shells joined on one edge by a string. They are held in the hand and used to produce clicks for rhythmic accents or a ripping or rattling sound consisting of a rapid series of clicks. They are traditionally made of hardwood (chestnut; Spanish: castaña), although fibreglass is becoming increasingly popular. The pairs usually differ slightly in pitch; the lower is called macho (male) and the higher hembra (female). The higher-sounding pair is usually held in the right hand; the cups hang downwards and are manipulated by the fingers. Each instrument is handcrafted and moulded to fit the size of hand of its professional user, but this Spanish style of castanet-playing is rarely used by an orchestra in modern scores. Since they are difficult to use and master there are less than four professional castanet players in the world. Rather, at times, two pairs of orchestral castanets are used, or alternatively a “castanet machine”, in which the cups are secured by elastic to a central piece of wood ending in a handle which is held and shaken. Cymbals are a common percussion instrument, and consist of thin, normally round plates of various alloys. The majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs sound a definite note. Cymbals are used in many ensembles ranging from the orchestra, percussion ensembles, jazz bands, heavy metal bands, and marching groups. Drum kits usually incorporate at least a crash, ride or crash/ride, and a pair of hi-hat cymbals. Some of the most popular cymbals include tiny finger cymbals, crash cymbals, and suspended cymbals. The cymbal can play very softly or very loudly. It can be played so loud in fact, that it can be heard over even the most uproarious of orchestral music. Crash cymbals are held by placing your hand through a strap that is attached to the outside of the cymbal. They are played by sliding one cymbal across the other and striking the rim of one cymbal against the rim of the other cymbal. Striking the edges together causes the cymbals to vibrate more which, in turn, causes a louder sound. Suspended cymbals are supported by a tri-pod stand and can be played in two different ways. The most common way to play the suspended cymbal is to strike the bow or taper of the cymbal with a drumstick or mallet. Striking the bell of a suspended cymbal will create another sound which is higher than the rest of the cymbal. This effect is common in Latin music. A glockenspiel is a percussion instrument composed of a set of tuned keys arranged in the fashion of the keyboard of a piano. In this way, it is similar to the xylophone; however, the xylophone 's bars are made of wood, while the glockenspiels are metal plates or tubes, thus making it a metallophone. To make a sound on the glockenspiel the player must strike a bar with a mallet. When the player strikes a bar with a hard mallet, the glockenspiel produces a bright and sharp sound. When the player strikes a bar with a soft mallet a more muted sound is produced. Its bars are made of steel and it plays notes that are much higher. The glockenspiel begins in a metal shop where the bars are cut and shaped in various lengths. Longer bars play low notes while the shorter bars play high notes. After the bars are carefully tuned, they are arranged from largest to smallest like a piano keyboard and then attached to its base. A gong is an East and South East Asian musical percussion instrument that takes the form of a flat metal disc which is hit with a mallet. Gongs are struck at the center with a mallet or a leather or felt-covered beater. The sound it produces may or may not be pitched and it is made of metal in a circular shape with the rims turned-down. Gongs are used as song and dance accompaniment and also in theatres. The rattle is a percussion instrument consisting of resonant objects strung together and set in a sliding frame or enclosed in a container such that when it is shaken the parts strike against each other, producing sounds. In many societies, rattles are associated with the supernatural and accompany religious rites. Slung rattles (shells, bones, hooves, or similar objects strung on a cord or tied in bunches and attached to a dancer’s body) are among the earliest musical instruments, appearing, along with gourd and tube rattles, in prehistoric times. A wood block is essentially a small piece of slit drum made from a single piece of wood and used as a percussion instrument. It is struck with a stick, making a characteristically percussive sound. The orchestral wood-block instrument of the West is generally made from teak or another hardwood. The dimensions of this instrument vary considerably, although it is always a rectangular block of wood with one or sometimes two longitudinal cavities. It is played by striking it with a stick. The xylophone is a tuned instrument made of hardwood bars in graduated lengths set horizontally on a metal frame. With the larger, lower-sounding bars on the left, the notes of the xylophone are laid out much like a piano keyboard. Striking the bars with hard mallets produces a bright, sharp sound. The xylophone was originally modelled after an African instrument and its name is Greek, meaning "wood sound".
Chordophone In a chordophone, the sound is made by vibrating strings. The main groups of chordophones are classified according to the relationship between the strings and the resonator. (Resonators pick up the original vibrations and vibrate sympathetically with them, amplifying the original sounds and altering them so that they sound more musical.) Subcategories depend on how the string is played (plucked or bowed for example), and types of resonators. Chordophone is categorized in five types and they are the zithers, lutes, lyres, harps and the musical bows. In zithers, the strings are stretched across, over, or inside a resonator, or between two resonators. The resonator can be a hollow tube, a gourd, a board, a hollow box, or even a pit in the ground. Some have fingerboards with or without frets; some have a keyboard with a complex mechanism; many are simply a multitude of strings strung from one end of the resonator to the other. The strings can be struck (as in a piano or hammered dulcimer) or plucked (harpsichord or Appalachian dulcimer). In lutes, the strings stretch across the resonator and up a neck. They may be plucked (guitar, banjo) or bowed (violin, fiddle). In lyres, the strings leave the resonator at right angles to an edge and run to a cross bar that is held away from the resonator (as in the classical Greek kithara that is so often used as a symbol of music and the Ethiopian beganna). In harps (like the orchestral harp and the Irish harp), the strings leave the resonator at a slant (smaller than a right angle) up to a neck connected to the resonator. In a musical bow, the string or strings are stretched from one end of a wooden bow to the other, some have resonators, but many don 't. They can be plucked or bowed (with a second, smaller bow).
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Aerophones An aerophone is any musical instrument that produces sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate, without the use of strings or membranes, and without the vibration of the instrument itself adding considerably to the sound. It is one of the four main classes of instruments in the original Hornbostel- Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification.
Hornbostel- Sachs divides aerophones by whether vibrating air is contained in the instrument itself or not.
The first class (41) includes instruments which, when played, do not contain the vibrating air. The bullroarer is one example. These are called free aerophones. This class includes free reed instruments, such as the harmonica, but also many instruments unlikely to be called wind instruments at all by most people, such as sirens and whips. The second class (42) includes instruments which contain the vibrating air when being played. This class includes almost all instruments generally called wind instruments - including the didgeridoo, brass instruments (e.g., trumpet, french horn, trombone), and woodwind instruments (e.g., oboe, flute, saxophone, clarinet). Additionally, very loud sounds can be made by explosions directed into, or being detonated inside of resonant cavities. Detonations inside the calliope (and steam whistle), as well as the pyrophone might thus be considered as class 42 instruments, despite the fact that the "wind" or "air" may be steam or an air-fuel mixture. These instruments make sounds as air vibrates through a tube. The vibration begins with lip vibration as in a trumpet, a reed as in clarinets, saxophones and organs, a ball as in a whistle or by striking a sharp edge as in a
flute. The shape of the sound wave is determined by the width and length of the tube through which the air travels. The longer the tube is, the longer the sound wave is, which means the deeper the sound. If a tube of one length produces the sound of C, then a tube twice a long will produce a sound one octave lower. Aerophones are commonly known as wind instruments and consists of three basic types which are brasswinds, woodwinds and free-reed. Brasswinds are made of metal, particularly brass; these instruments create sound through the vibration of a player 's lips on the mouthpiece. The air that passes from the player 's lips goes to the air column of the instrument and thus creates sound such as trombone, trumpet and tuba. Woodwinds are originally made of wood but now other materials have also been used. On reed instruments like the saxophone and the clarinet, a thin material is placed on the mouthpiece so that when the player blows into it the air is forced to go to a reed and sets it to vibrate. In double-reed instruments such as bassoons and oboes, the material placed on the opening of the mouthpiece is thicker. In woodwinds such as flutes, the player blows air into the edge of a mouthpiece thus creating sound. Free-reed refers to wind instruments that have a freely vibrating reed and the pitch depends on the size of the reed. A good example of this type of instrument is the accordion. An accordion is a musical instrument that produces sound by forcing air through its bellows. An accordion is also referred to as a squeezebox. Accordions use buttons or keys to produce specific notes, piano accordions have a keyboard resembling a small piano. The concertina is smaller and produces sound similar to the accordion, with each button producing one note. Bagpipes are classified as aerophones. They are reed instruments that utilize an air reservoir. The reservoir allows an uninterrupted stream of air to be directed through the reeds. Such reservoir aerophones are not limited to Scotland and Ireland. Their antiquity can be traced throughout Asia, in North Africa and across Europe. There are various types of bagpipes: traditional, chalice, Mediterranean, medieval, and a related item, the chanter. The craft of making musical instruments by hand is well-developed in many countries other than the country where the instrument originated. Often the tradition of making instruments is handed down through the generations, which results in high quality production of specific types of instruments. The craftsmen making these bagpipes only make bagpipes. These bagpipes are great for learning and great for pipers who march in varying weather conditions, since rosewood is tolerant of weather conditions and resists cracking and splitting. Metal used in these bagpipes is nickel plated solid brass. Just like the Duduk, the Bloul, also known as the Armenian Flute, is undoubtedly of Armenian origin. It was developed in Western Armenia by Kurdish and Armenian shepherds. The player holds the Bloul at an angle while blowing into half the mouthpiece, the result being a haunting, wind-like sound. The bugle is a classic wind instrument; tones are achieved by changing the mouth position and by increasing the amount of wind that passes through the instrument. The bugle is the basis for many other wind instruments and is a great way to learn control of mouth positions that are useful when playing other wind instruments. The British introduced harmoniums to India during the colonial period. They were quickly adopted by the India cultures. Harmoniums are in the family of free-reed aerophones. Harmoniums resemble small, tabletop size organs. Each harmonium has a bellows at the back that is pumped by one hand while the other hand plays the keyboard. The most common playing position is to place the harmonium on the floor and sit, cross-legged, in front of it. You can play the keys with your dominant hand while your other hand works the bellows, but most often the right hand plays the keys. You can also place the harmonium on a table or sit in a chair while you play.
Electrophone Electrophone is a class of musical instruments in which the initial sound either is produced by electronic means or is conventionally produced (as by a vibrating string) and electronically amplified. Electronically amplified conventional instruments include guitars, pianos, and others.
Among instruments that use electronic means of generating sound are the theremin, the ondes martenot, electronic organs, and electronic music synthesizers. The vibraphone, or vibraharp, a metallophone that looks somewhat like the orchestral xylophone, makes use of electric fans at the upper ends of the vibrator tubes in order to produce a vibrato sound. The electrophone category was added to the Sachs- Hornbostel musical instrument classification system by Sachs in 1940, to describe instruments involving electricity. Sachs divided his 5th category into 3 subcategories: 51=electrically actuated acoustic instruments; 52=electrically amplified acoustic instruments; 53=instruments in which make sound primarily by way of electrically driven oscillators, such as theremins or synthesizers, which he called radioelectric instruments. Francis William Galpin provided such a group in his own classification system, which is closer to Mahillon than Hornbostel-Sachs. Galpin.F, (1937), he lists electrophones with three second-level divisions for sound generation ("by oscillation," "electro-magnetic," and "electro-static"), as well as third-level and fourth-level categories based on the control method.
Thus it has been more recently proposed that, for example, the pipe organ (even if it uses electric key action to control solenoid valves) remain in the aerophones category, which the electric guitar remains in the chordophones category. Presently ethnomusicology, an electrophone is considered to be only musical instruments which produce sound primarily by electrical means.
An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces its sounds using electronics. Such an instrument sounds by outputting an electrical audio signal that ultimately drives a loudspeaker. It may include a user interface for controlling its sound, often by adjusting the pitch, frequency, or duration of each note. However, it is increasingly common to separate user interface and sound-generating functions into a music controller (input device) and a music synthesizer, respectively, with the two devices communicating through a musical performance description language such as MIDI or Open Sound Control.
All electronic musical instruments can be viewed as a subset of audio signal processing applications. Simple electronic musical instruments are sometimes called sound effects; the border between sound effects and actual musical instruments is often hazy.
French composer and engineer Edgard Varèse created a variety of compositions using electronic horns, whistles, and tape. Most notably, he wrote Poème Électronique for the Phillips pavilion at the Brussels World Fair in 1958. Electronic musical instruments are now widely used in most styles of music. Development of new electronic musical instruments, controllers, and synthesizers continues to be a highly active and interdisciplinary field of research. Specialized conferences, notably the International Conference on New interfaces for musical expression, have organized to report cutting edge work, as well as to provide a showcase for artists who perform or create music with new electronic music instruments, controllers, and synthesizers.
Appendix
Mirliton or kazo Kettle drum Friction drum Conical drum -Tabla Barrel drum Frame drum Cylindrical drum-bass drum Dhol Cymbals Glockenspiel- Xylophone Gong Bell Castanets
Electric Piano Electric guitar Synthesizers
Accordion and concertinas Bagpipe Bloul Bugle
References
Aerophone
Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aerophone
Castanets
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanets
Electrophone
Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183954/electrophone
Electrophone
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophone
Glockenspiel
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glockenspiel
History of Castanets Retrieved from http://www.carmendevicente.com/castanet.html
History of Musical Instruments Retrieved from http://library.thinkquest.org/11315/idio.htm
How Aerophones Work Retrieved from http://library.thinkquest.org/11315/aero.htm
Jones, C. (2013, February 15). Classifying Musical Instruments. [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://cnx.org/content/m11896/latest/
Membranophone
Retrieved from http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/ Membranophone.html
Percussion Instruments Retrieved from http://www.burbank.k12.il.us/administration/curriculum/ band/archive/bbdemo/perc.htm
Profile of the gong Retrieved from http://musiced.about.com/od/percussions/p/gongs.htm
Rattle
Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492118/rattle
(2009, August 7). musical instrument [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://musiqalinstruments.blogspot.com/2009/06/percussion.html
What is bell? Retrieved from http://www.russianbells.com/acoustics/what-is-bell.html
World Musical Instrument Retrieved from ww.worldmusicalinstruments.com/c-8-wind-instruments.aspx
--------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399171/musical-instrument/53847/Classification-of-instruments
[ 2 ]. http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Membranophone.html
[ 3 ]. http://library.thinkquest.org/11315/idio.htm
[ 4 ]. www.russianbells.com/acoustics/what-is-bell.html
[ 5 ]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanets
[ 6 ]. www.carmendevicente.com/castanet.html
[ 7 ]. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cymbal
[ 8 ]. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/glockenspiel
[ 9 ]. www.musiced.about.com/od/percussions/p/gongs.htm
[ 10 ]. www.britiannica.com/ebchecked/topic/492118/rattle
[ 11 ]. www.musiqalinstruments.blogspot.com/2009/o6/percussion.html
[ 12 ]. http://www.burbank.k12.il.us/administration/curriculum/band/archive/bbdemo/perc.htm
[ 13 ]. http ://nx.org/content/m11896/latest/
[ 14 ]. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerophone
[ 15 ]. http://library.thinkquest.org/11315/aero.htm
[ 16 ]. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aerophone
[ 17 ]. http://www.worldmusicalinstruments.com/c-8-wind-instruments.aspx
[ 18 ]. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183954/electrophone
[ 19 ]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophone
[ 20 ]. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183954/electrophone
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................Pg 3
Membranophones ................................................................................................Pg 4-5
Idiophones ...............................................................................................Pg 6-9
Chordophones ...............................................................................................Pg10-11
Aerophones ..............................................................................................Pg …show more content…
12- 15
Electrophones ...............................................................................................Pg 16- 18
Appendix ...............................................................................................Pg 19-21
References .............................................................................................. Pg 22-23
Introduction A musical instrument is constructed or used for the purpose of making the sounds of music. The history of musical instruments dates back to the beginnings of human culture. The academic study of musical instruments is called organlogy. Music has been classified in many various ways by the Chinese, Hindus and Greeks; however there always seemed to be an exclusion of an instrument. This ancient system—based on the material producing sound—was adopted by the Belgian instrument maker and acoustician Victor-Charles Mahillon, who named his four main classes autophones, or instruments made of a sonorous material that vibrates to produce sound (e.g., bells, rattles); membranophones, in which a stretched skin is caused to vibrate (e.g., drums); aerophones, in which the sound is produced by a vibrating column of air (wind instruments); and chordophones, or stringed instruments. The Austrian musicologist Erich von Hornbostel and his German colleague Curt Sachs accepted and expanded Mahillon’s basic division, creating the classification now used in most systematic studies of instruments and it is known as the Hornbostel- Sachs system. The system comprises of five classes which are idiophones, membranophones, chordophones, aerophones and electrophones. The Hornbostel- Sachs system was created for the purpose of bringing order to the massive collections of musical instruments in ethnographic museums. It is directly comparable to the various book classification systems of libraries and, like them, is arbitrary. Musicians themselves generally think of instruments in terms of their technological features and playing method.
Membranophones A membranophones is any instrument that produces sound mainly by way of vibrating stretched membrane. It is one of the four main divisions of instruments in the Hornbostel- Sachs system musical instrument classifications, most membranophones are drums. Hornbostel- Sachs divides drums into three main types: struck drums, where the skin is hit with a stick, the hand, or something else; string drums, where a knotted string attached to the skin is pulled, passing its vibrations onto the skin; and friction drums, where some sort of rubbing motion causes the skin to vibrate (a common type has a stick passing through a hole in the skin which is pulled back and forth). Membranophones can also be divided into large divisions based on shape and manner of sound production: Tubular drums include a wide range of drum shapes, like waisted, long, footed, cylindrical, conical and barrel .Kettle drums and vessel drums are characterized by the presence of rounded bottoms. Frame drums consist of a membrane stretched across a frame. Friction drums produce sound by rubbing a stick through a hole in a membrane stretched across a frame. Cylindrical drums are straight-sided, and generally two-headed. A buzzing, percussive string is sometimes used such as the bass drum and the Iranian dohol. Conical drums are sloped on the sides, and are usually one headed such as the Indian tabla and the Venezuelan chimbangueles. In addition to drums, there is another kind of membranophone, called the singing membranophone, of which the best known type is the mirliton or kazoo. These instruments modify a sound produced by something else, commonly the human voice, by having a skin vibrate in sympathy with it.
Idiophones Idiophones are instruments that are made from materials that have their own unique sounds such as ceramics, glass, metal, or wood all create different vibrations. Sometimes they are hit (wood blocks, chimes), moved (bell and clapper) or shaken (rattles). They are generally considered part of the percussion section in a band or orchestra. The earliest idiophones were stones hit together to make music. Some common idiophones are bells, castanets, cymbals, glockenspiel, gong, rattle, wood block, and xylophone. A bell is a semi-enclosed hollow vessel usually of metal, but sometimes of horn, wood, glass, or clay, struck near the rim either by an interior clapper or an exterior hammer or mallet to produce a ringing sound.
Bells may be categorized broadly as percussion instruments, and more specifically as idiophones. The walls vary from straight to convex, concave, hemispherical, barrel shaped (as in East Asia). All Western tower bells are tulip shaped, in cross section they may be round, square, rectangular, elliptical, or many-sided. Chinese bells often have lotus-shaped rims. The strongest sound-producing vibrations of bells occur near the rim (in Western bells, in the “sound bow”), in contrast to hollow gongs, where the vibrations are strongest in the centre. The acoustical structure of bell sound is complex and has been completely understood only in modern times. All bells contain an array of partials, or sound-wave frequencies of various pitches, but the tone of a musical bell consists of both harmonious partials and higher inharmonious …show more content…
partials. Castanets are a percussion instrument (idiophone), used in Kalo, Moorish, Ottoman, ancient Roman, Italian, Spanish, Sephardic, Swiss, and Portuguese music. The instrument consists of a pair of concave shells joined on one edge by a string. They are held in the hand and used to produce clicks for rhythmic accents or a ripping or rattling sound consisting of a rapid series of clicks. They are traditionally made of hardwood (chestnut; Spanish: castaña), although fibreglass is becoming increasingly popular. The pairs usually differ slightly in pitch; the lower is called macho (male) and the higher hembra (female). The higher-sounding pair is usually held in the right hand; the cups hang downwards and are manipulated by the fingers. Each instrument is handcrafted and moulded to fit the size of hand of its professional user, but this Spanish style of castanet-playing is rarely used by an orchestra in modern scores. Since they are difficult to use and master there are less than four professional castanet players in the world. Rather, at times, two pairs of orchestral castanets are used, or alternatively a “castanet machine”, in which the cups are secured by elastic to a central piece of wood ending in a handle which is held and shaken. Cymbals are a common percussion instrument, and consist of thin, normally round plates of various alloys. The majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs sound a definite note. Cymbals are used in many ensembles ranging from the orchestra, percussion ensembles, jazz bands, heavy metal bands, and marching groups. Drum kits usually incorporate at least a crash, ride or crash/ride, and a pair of hi-hat cymbals. Some of the most popular cymbals include tiny finger cymbals, crash cymbals, and suspended cymbals. The cymbal can play very softly or very loudly. It can be played so loud in fact, that it can be heard over even the most uproarious of orchestral music. Crash cymbals are held by placing your hand through a strap that is attached to the outside of the cymbal. They are played by sliding one cymbal across the other and striking the rim of one cymbal against the rim of the other cymbal. Striking the edges together causes the cymbals to vibrate more which, in turn, causes a louder sound. Suspended cymbals are supported by a tri-pod stand and can be played in two different ways. The most common way to play the suspended cymbal is to strike the bow or taper of the cymbal with a drumstick or mallet. Striking the bell of a suspended cymbal will create another sound which is higher than the rest of the cymbal. This effect is common in Latin music. A glockenspiel is a percussion instrument composed of a set of tuned keys arranged in the fashion of the keyboard of a piano. In this way, it is similar to the xylophone; however, the xylophone 's bars are made of wood, while the glockenspiels are metal plates or tubes, thus making it a metallophone. To make a sound on the glockenspiel the player must strike a bar with a mallet. When the player strikes a bar with a hard mallet, the glockenspiel produces a bright and sharp sound. When the player strikes a bar with a soft mallet a more muted sound is produced. Its bars are made of steel and it plays notes that are much higher. The glockenspiel begins in a metal shop where the bars are cut and shaped in various lengths. Longer bars play low notes while the shorter bars play high notes. After the bars are carefully tuned, they are arranged from largest to smallest like a piano keyboard and then attached to its base. A gong is an East and South East Asian musical percussion instrument that takes the form of a flat metal disc which is hit with a mallet. Gongs are struck at the center with a mallet or a leather or felt-covered beater. The sound it produces may or may not be pitched and it is made of metal in a circular shape with the rims turned-down. Gongs are used as song and dance accompaniment and also in theatres. The rattle is a percussion instrument consisting of resonant objects strung together and set in a sliding frame or enclosed in a container such that when it is shaken the parts strike against each other, producing sounds. In many societies, rattles are associated with the supernatural and accompany religious rites. Slung rattles (shells, bones, hooves, or similar objects strung on a cord or tied in bunches and attached to a dancer’s body) are among the earliest musical instruments, appearing, along with gourd and tube rattles, in prehistoric times. A wood block is essentially a small piece of slit drum made from a single piece of wood and used as a percussion instrument. It is struck with a stick, making a characteristically percussive sound. The orchestral wood-block instrument of the West is generally made from teak or another hardwood. The dimensions of this instrument vary considerably, although it is always a rectangular block of wood with one or sometimes two longitudinal cavities. It is played by striking it with a stick. The xylophone is a tuned instrument made of hardwood bars in graduated lengths set horizontally on a metal frame. With the larger, lower-sounding bars on the left, the notes of the xylophone are laid out much like a piano keyboard. Striking the bars with hard mallets produces a bright, sharp sound. The xylophone was originally modelled after an African instrument and its name is Greek, meaning "wood sound".
Chordophone In a chordophone, the sound is made by vibrating strings. The main groups of chordophones are classified according to the relationship between the strings and the resonator. (Resonators pick up the original vibrations and vibrate sympathetically with them, amplifying the original sounds and altering them so that they sound more musical.) Subcategories depend on how the string is played (plucked or bowed for example), and types of resonators. Chordophone is categorized in five types and they are the zithers, lutes, lyres, harps and the musical bows. In zithers, the strings are stretched across, over, or inside a resonator, or between two resonators. The resonator can be a hollow tube, a gourd, a board, a hollow box, or even a pit in the ground. Some have fingerboards with or without frets; some have a keyboard with a complex mechanism; many are simply a multitude of strings strung from one end of the resonator to the other. The strings can be struck (as in a piano or hammered dulcimer) or plucked (harpsichord or Appalachian dulcimer). In lutes, the strings stretch across the resonator and up a neck. They may be plucked (guitar, banjo) or bowed (violin, fiddle). In lyres, the strings leave the resonator at right angles to an edge and run to a cross bar that is held away from the resonator (as in the classical Greek kithara that is so often used as a symbol of music and the Ethiopian beganna). In harps (like the orchestral harp and the Irish harp), the strings leave the resonator at a slant (smaller than a right angle) up to a neck connected to the resonator. In a musical bow, the string or strings are stretched from one end of a wooden bow to the other, some have resonators, but many don 't. They can be plucked or bowed (with a second, smaller bow).
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Aerophones An aerophone is any musical instrument that produces sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate, without the use of strings or membranes, and without the vibration of the instrument itself adding considerably to the sound. It is one of the four main classes of instruments in the original Hornbostel- Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification.
Hornbostel- Sachs divides aerophones by whether vibrating air is contained in the instrument itself or not.
The first class (41) includes instruments which, when played, do not contain the vibrating air. The bullroarer is one example. These are called free aerophones. This class includes free reed instruments, such as the harmonica, but also many instruments unlikely to be called wind instruments at all by most people, such as sirens and whips. The second class (42) includes instruments which contain the vibrating air when being played. This class includes almost all instruments generally called wind instruments - including the didgeridoo, brass instruments (e.g., trumpet, french horn, trombone), and woodwind instruments (e.g., oboe, flute, saxophone, clarinet). Additionally, very loud sounds can be made by explosions directed into, or being detonated inside of resonant cavities. Detonations inside the calliope (and steam whistle), as well as the pyrophone might thus be considered as class 42 instruments, despite the fact that the "wind" or "air" may be steam or an air-fuel mixture. These instruments make sounds as air vibrates through a tube. The vibration begins with lip vibration as in a trumpet, a reed as in clarinets, saxophones and organs, a ball as in a whistle or by striking a sharp edge as in a
flute. The shape of the sound wave is determined by the width and length of the tube through which the air travels. The longer the tube is, the longer the sound wave is, which means the deeper the sound. If a tube of one length produces the sound of C, then a tube twice a long will produce a sound one octave lower. Aerophones are commonly known as wind instruments and consists of three basic types which are brasswinds, woodwinds and free-reed. Brasswinds are made of metal, particularly brass; these instruments create sound through the vibration of a player 's lips on the mouthpiece. The air that passes from the player 's lips goes to the air column of the instrument and thus creates sound such as trombone, trumpet and tuba. Woodwinds are originally made of wood but now other materials have also been used. On reed instruments like the saxophone and the clarinet, a thin material is placed on the mouthpiece so that when the player blows into it the air is forced to go to a reed and sets it to vibrate. In double-reed instruments such as bassoons and oboes, the material placed on the opening of the mouthpiece is thicker. In woodwinds such as flutes, the player blows air into the edge of a mouthpiece thus creating sound. Free-reed refers to wind instruments that have a freely vibrating reed and the pitch depends on the size of the reed. A good example of this type of instrument is the accordion. An accordion is a musical instrument that produces sound by forcing air through its bellows. An accordion is also referred to as a squeezebox. Accordions use buttons or keys to produce specific notes, piano accordions have a keyboard resembling a small piano. The concertina is smaller and produces sound similar to the accordion, with each button producing one note. Bagpipes are classified as aerophones. They are reed instruments that utilize an air reservoir. The reservoir allows an uninterrupted stream of air to be directed through the reeds. Such reservoir aerophones are not limited to Scotland and Ireland. Their antiquity can be traced throughout Asia, in North Africa and across Europe. There are various types of bagpipes: traditional, chalice, Mediterranean, medieval, and a related item, the chanter. The craft of making musical instruments by hand is well-developed in many countries other than the country where the instrument originated. Often the tradition of making instruments is handed down through the generations, which results in high quality production of specific types of instruments. The craftsmen making these bagpipes only make bagpipes. These bagpipes are great for learning and great for pipers who march in varying weather conditions, since rosewood is tolerant of weather conditions and resists cracking and splitting. Metal used in these bagpipes is nickel plated solid brass. Just like the Duduk, the Bloul, also known as the Armenian Flute, is undoubtedly of Armenian origin. It was developed in Western Armenia by Kurdish and Armenian shepherds. The player holds the Bloul at an angle while blowing into half the mouthpiece, the result being a haunting, wind-like sound. The bugle is a classic wind instrument; tones are achieved by changing the mouth position and by increasing the amount of wind that passes through the instrument. The bugle is the basis for many other wind instruments and is a great way to learn control of mouth positions that are useful when playing other wind instruments. The British introduced harmoniums to India during the colonial period. They were quickly adopted by the India cultures. Harmoniums are in the family of free-reed aerophones. Harmoniums resemble small, tabletop size organs. Each harmonium has a bellows at the back that is pumped by one hand while the other hand plays the keyboard. The most common playing position is to place the harmonium on the floor and sit, cross-legged, in front of it. You can play the keys with your dominant hand while your other hand works the bellows, but most often the right hand plays the keys. You can also place the harmonium on a table or sit in a chair while you play.
Electrophone Electrophone is a class of musical instruments in which the initial sound either is produced by electronic means or is conventionally produced (as by a vibrating string) and electronically amplified. Electronically amplified conventional instruments include guitars, pianos, and others.
Among instruments that use electronic means of generating sound are the theremin, the ondes martenot, electronic organs, and electronic music synthesizers. The vibraphone, or vibraharp, a metallophone that looks somewhat like the orchestral xylophone, makes use of electric fans at the upper ends of the vibrator tubes in order to produce a vibrato sound. The electrophone category was added to the Sachs- Hornbostel musical instrument classification system by Sachs in 1940, to describe instruments involving electricity. Sachs divided his 5th category into 3 subcategories: 51=electrically actuated acoustic instruments; 52=electrically amplified acoustic instruments; 53=instruments in which make sound primarily by way of electrically driven oscillators, such as theremins or synthesizers, which he called radioelectric instruments. Francis William Galpin provided such a group in his own classification system, which is closer to Mahillon than Hornbostel-Sachs. Galpin.F, (1937), he lists electrophones with three second-level divisions for sound generation ("by oscillation," "electro-magnetic," and "electro-static"), as well as third-level and fourth-level categories based on the control method.
Thus it has been more recently proposed that, for example, the pipe organ (even if it uses electric key action to control solenoid valves) remain in the aerophones category, which the electric guitar remains in the chordophones category. Presently ethnomusicology, an electrophone is considered to be only musical instruments which produce sound primarily by electrical means.
An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces its sounds using electronics. Such an instrument sounds by outputting an electrical audio signal that ultimately drives a loudspeaker. It may include a user interface for controlling its sound, often by adjusting the pitch, frequency, or duration of each note. However, it is increasingly common to separate user interface and sound-generating functions into a music controller (input device) and a music synthesizer, respectively, with the two devices communicating through a musical performance description language such as MIDI or Open Sound Control.
All electronic musical instruments can be viewed as a subset of audio signal processing applications. Simple electronic musical instruments are sometimes called sound effects; the border between sound effects and actual musical instruments is often hazy.
French composer and engineer Edgard Varèse created a variety of compositions using electronic horns, whistles, and tape. Most notably, he wrote Poème Électronique for the Phillips pavilion at the Brussels World Fair in 1958. Electronic musical instruments are now widely used in most styles of music. Development of new electronic musical instruments, controllers, and synthesizers continues to be a highly active and interdisciplinary field of research. Specialized conferences, notably the International Conference on New interfaces for musical expression, have organized to report cutting edge work, as well as to provide a showcase for artists who perform or create music with new electronic music instruments, controllers, and synthesizers.
Appendix
Mirliton or kazo Kettle drum Friction drum Conical drum -Tabla Barrel drum Frame drum Cylindrical drum-bass drum Dhol Cymbals Glockenspiel- Xylophone Gong Bell Castanets
Electric Piano Electric guitar Synthesizers
Accordion and concertinas Bagpipe Bloul Bugle
References
Aerophone
Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aerophone
Castanets
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanets
Electrophone
Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183954/electrophone
Electrophone
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophone
Glockenspiel
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glockenspiel
History of Castanets Retrieved from http://www.carmendevicente.com/castanet.html
History of Musical Instruments Retrieved from http://library.thinkquest.org/11315/idio.htm
How Aerophones Work Retrieved from http://library.thinkquest.org/11315/aero.htm
Jones, C. (2013, February 15). Classifying Musical Instruments. [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://cnx.org/content/m11896/latest/
Membranophone
Retrieved from http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/ Membranophone.html
Percussion Instruments Retrieved from http://www.burbank.k12.il.us/administration/curriculum/ band/archive/bbdemo/perc.htm
Profile of the gong Retrieved from http://musiced.about.com/od/percussions/p/gongs.htm
Rattle
Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492118/rattle
(2009, August 7). musical instrument [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://musiqalinstruments.blogspot.com/2009/06/percussion.html
What is bell? Retrieved from http://www.russianbells.com/acoustics/what-is-bell.html
World Musical Instrument Retrieved from ww.worldmusicalinstruments.com/c-8-wind-instruments.aspx
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