Preview

Anopheles Quadrimaculators Vectors

Best Essays
Open Document
Open Document
2411 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Anopheles Quadrimaculators Vectors
Anopheles Quadrimaculators Vectors: Organochloride DDT and Global Malaria Paper on Organochloride’s Effect on Global Malaria

Dr. Stephanie P. McCallum Ed.D. Environmental Health Public Health 8165 -1 October 4, 2011

Abstract

Organochlorides, as identified on the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, (ASTDR) have been effective in the eradication of Malaria in the Third World countries. Malaria, as a vector driven disease, causes a severe falciparum infection. Malaria is seriously affecting Third World countries. Millions of people are dying. The measurement of annual parasite indexes ( API) determines the true growth in Malaria incidence in South American and the Sub-saharan Africa. The exponential decrease in morbidity and mortality after the organochloride Dichlorodiphenytrichloethan (DDT). CAS 50- 29- 3, was evident in every country affected by malaria. Malaria is a silent killer. DDT, a trichlo-ethane pesticide was widely used to control Anopheles Quadrimaculators Vectors by reducing the mosquito-transmitted infections. The breeding habitats of adult anopheles (mosquitoes) were eliminated. DDT is a persistent, toxic, white crystalline solid organochloride. DDT is a long lasting pesticide used effectively during WWII with the military, and later used to eradicate malaria in the United States. Persistent Organic Pollutants leech into the human diet by, direct application, contaminated waste



References: Apperson, C.S. LanzaroG.C., 1991. Comparison of host feeding patterns between Anopheles Quadrimacalatus sibling species A and B. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 7 : 507-508. Biscoe, M. L.; Mutero, C. M.; Kramer, R. A. 2005. Current policy and status of DDT use for malaria control in Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya and South Africa Carpenter S.J., LaCasse, W.J., 1955. Mosquitos of North America ( North of Mexico) Berkeley University of California Press. Cohn, B. ( 2007). DDT Breast Cancer: Environmental Reproductive Toxicology. 2011. Apr. 31 (3) 302-311. Eaton, D. L, and Klaassen, C. D. (2001). Principles of Toxicology. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 6th ed Jensen T, Kaiser PE, Barnard DR. 1994. Adaptation to intermittently flooded swamps by Anopheles quadrimaculatus species C1 (Diptera: Culicidae). Environmental Entomology 23: 1150-1154. Kramer VL, Gargia G, Colwell AE Munthali, A. 2005. Managing Malaria in Under- Five Children in a rural Malawian Village. Nordic Journal of African Studies. 14( 2) 127-146. University of Malawi, Zomba. Oduola, Adedayo. 1937. Polymarase Chain Reaction AGambie ( Kdr) Molecular Metabolic Resistence Mechanisms. Salazar- Garcia, et al, ( 2004) Reproduction Effect of DDT on Male Maleria Control Workers. Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, Toluca. doi 10: 1016/S0140-6736( 03) 13776. Warrell,D.A., Gilles, H.M. Eds. 2007. Essential Mariiologgy. Fourth Edition Duke University Abstract. 2007. dukespace.lib.duke/dspace/mp_emb12_a_052007pdf.

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    The Silent Spring was the right science book published at the right time. It brought the concerns about environmental to the general public. It led to a nationwide ban on DDT and the creation of the U.S Environmental Protection Agency. DDT’s insecticidal action was discovered by the Swiss chemist in 1939 ("DDT"). The widely use in agricultural started after the World War II. The Swiss chemist was even awarded the Nobel Prize since DDT was so efficiency to kill inserts. Nevertheless people did not notice that DDT was also a great threat to the environmental and wildlife especially birds. People like to talk about sustainable development in recent years; DDT is a great counter example of it. Although it is very efficiency to kill inserts, it…

    • 186 Words
    • 1 Page
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    1. Carlson classifies modern insecticides into two groups of chemicals. The first group, represented by DDT, is known as the “chlorinated hydrocarbons” and the other group, represented by Malathion and parathion, consists of the organic phosphorus insecticides. Although both are organic, the organic phosphorous insecticides are more poisonous than the chlorinated hydrocarbons and have the ability to destroy enzymes.…

    • 1253 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Allele Frequencies

    • 420 Words
    • 2 Pages

    The “aa” mosquitoes have a low viability; meaning they are selected against by the DDT environmental factor.…

    • 420 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Salt Marsh Mosquitoes are the most annoying bug because , While both males and females may nectar-feed, only females are haematophagous, or blood feeders (Connelly 2017) . Salt Marsh mosquitoes are of course found in or around marshes. They are very common in the coastal areas in the United States.They are known nationally for the diseases they spread and their aggressive biting. The reader (readers) of this article will find out where Salt Marsh Mosquitoes live and how are they a nuisance there, explanation of their eating habits , and their life cycle.…

    • 463 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Malaria in Tanzania effects it’s country economically, socially and environmentally, but by taking the right steps, Malaria can be cured. Malaria is a widespread disease in Africa that is transmitted by the bite of a female mosquito. Malaria impacts a human physically, mentally and emotionally. Symptoms include a headache, fever, fatigue, dry cough, spleen enlargement and continuous vomiting. In Tanzania, approximately 93.7 out of 1000 people die of Malaria each year. NCBI.com states “There are 14-18 million cases of Malaria each year in Tanzania.”3 90% of the population is at risk. Therefore only 10% of the population is safe, but since the cases reported each year are increasing, that 10% will become a part of that 90% meaning the entire population of Tanzania can be affected by Malaria. This disease results in missed school and work days, and an overall loss of productivity. More importantly, the disease causes a negative economic impact, costing Tanzania 240$ million dollars per year.…

    • 635 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Global Health - Division of Parasitic Diseases . (2010, February 28). Malaria. Retrieved September 3, 2011, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html…

    • 975 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    Malaria – About 3.3 billion people – half of the world's population – are at risk of malaria. In 2010, there were about 219 million malaria cases (with an uncertainty range of 154 million to 289 million). There were about 219 million cases of malaria in 2010(with an uncertainty range of 154 million to 289 million. In 2010, malaria caused an estimated 660 000 deaths (with an uncertainty range of 490 000 to 836 000), mostly among African…

    • 1172 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Rachel Carson revealed the dangers imposed by indiscriminate pesticide use in her 1962 book, Silent Spring. Although Carson used DDT as her focus, the chemical was an example of the numerous synthesized pesticides employed in many aspects of mankind’s daily lives. As a biologist with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Carson was alerted to the “numerous case reports of damage to birds and fish after DDT application” and believed that “because DDT was so effective, it unbalanced ecosystems” (Oreskes (2010) page 219). Carson expanded her research and eventually published her revealing book to alert the public and bring an end to indiscriminate use. The book made numerous claims against pesticides, illustrated the destruction caused by prior use and warned of a future in which “over increasingly large areas… spring comes unheralded by the return of the birds, and the early mornings are strangely silent where once they were filled with the beauty of bird song” (Carson (1962) page 88).…

    • 1617 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    o Exposure to many different chemicals o Latency period (timing of exposure) o Lack of data (why?) o Human testing almost impossible Case study: Endocrine disruptors • Endocrine disruption: certain chemicals linked with known carcinogens that alter or disturb hormones or endocrine system • Endocrine disruptors “trick (“xeno” or false endocrines) body into believing they are supposed to play a role in bodies functions” -­‐ “sabotage normal bodily functions” (Krimsky 2001) • Disruptors mimic or obstruct role of natural hormones • No single mechanism or pattern to interference or disruption • Impacts on humans: o Sperm count declines, cancer incidence (breast, testicular and prostate), neurological disorders o Estrogens known to activate growth of certain classes of cancer cells o Linked to organochlorines that function as xeno-­‐endocrines § Bisphenol (BPA) • Endocrine disruptors challenge conventional notion that “the dose makes the poison” o Linear or monolithic dose-­‐response curve?…

    • 7330 Words
    • 249 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Better Essays

    Pesticides have now been proven to pose potential risks to living beings. “Certain environmental chemicals, including pesticides termed as endocrine disruptors, are known to elicit their adverse effects by mimicking or antagonising natural hormones in the body and it has been postulated that their long-term, low-dose exposure is increasingly linked to human health effects such as immune suppression, hormone disruption, diminished intelligence, reproductive abnormalities and cancer (Brouwer et al., 1999; Crisp et al., 1998; Hurley et al., 1998)”( Md.Wasim Aktar, Dwaipayan Sengupta, and ashim Chowdhury). Having pesticides around us in agricultural fields, parks, schools, homes and practically everywhere is a really concerning topic. I think that the facts that the use of herbicides, fungicides and insecticides amongst other pesticides have been proven to be lethal through ingestion and simple exposure is enough to make people aware for a change. In recent times it has shown its effects here on the planet and have a factor to the contribution of the potential extinction of bees. Some factors that can be causing this Colony Collapse Disorder are pathogens such as Nosema which is a pathogenic gut fungi, Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus and many unknown. Parasites are also a possibility of the Colony Collapse Disorder as well as…

    • 1626 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    It was the one of the first ever man-made insecticides that was used to regulate insect populations and increase crop yield. DDT was used by the military, government, cities, and even residents for gardens, suburb insect control, and to battle malaria. All its intentions seemed fantastic; no more bugs in a homeowner’s community, deadly diseases were beginning to become eradicated, and the production of crops was going to become exponentially higher. There was baggage attached to the use of DDT; it was extremely toxic to the Earth, animals, plants, and it was also effecting humans…

    • 431 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Risk Assessment Paper

    • 766 Words
    • 4 Pages

    References: Department of Health. (2009, April). Information Sheet: Malathion and Mosquito Control. Retrieved July 11, 2011, from New York State department of health: http://www.health.state.ny.us/publications/2740/…

    • 766 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Data Analysis Example

    • 3950 Words
    • 16 Pages

    "It is not my contention that chemical insecticides must never be used. I do contend that we have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals indiscriminately into the hands of persons largely or wholly ignorant of their potentials for harm" (Carson 12).…

    • 3950 Words
    • 16 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    water issues in CA

    • 295 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Birth control pills account for less than 1 percent of the estrogens found in the nation's drinking water supplies. There is ongoing concern about possible links between chronic exposure to estrogens in the water supply and fertility problems and other adverse human health effects. The new report runs contrary to current media reports and popular belief, suggesting that most of the sex hormones — source of concern as an endocrine disruptor with possible adverse effects on people and wildlife — enters drinking water supplies from other sources.…

    • 295 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Malaria

    • 1939 Words
    • 8 Pages

    Malaria affects 10%of the world’s population with 300-500 million new cases each year and 2 million deaths annually. It is called the worlds invisible pandemic. It is transmission of the disease by a mosquito vector that depends on temperature and rainfall and thus survives well in tropic areas. The people at significant risk for malaria include those who have little or no immunity to the parasite. Children, pregnant women and travelers are most likely to fall victim to the disease.…

    • 1939 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Good Essays

Related Topics