Anthropology Exam 2 Review
Exam 2 Review
Ch. 7 * Hominins: Modern humans and all extinct species more closely related to humans than chimps and bonobos * Fossils found in water and wind-eroded exposures, rift valleys (Great Africa and Rift Valley), volcanic tuffs, rich in potassium, café sites. In Africa during the Late Miocene * Majority of known fossil record is from 500,000 years ago * Characteristics: increased upright posture, bipedal locomotion, change in diet, larger braincase, small face, smaller canines, larger molars, longer legs * Later found in Chad, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, South Africa
Ch. 8 * Middle Stone Age: Blade technology, increasing standardization in shape and size of blades * First evidence of composite tooth * Microliths: very small stone tools with retouched edges, less than 2 inches long and usually triangular, made from blades, used on arrow tips * Upper Paleolithic: 45,000-12,000 years ago, modern humans in Europe and Asia, stone microlith and bone tools, fishing, nets, basketry, art emerges * Levant: Transitions in the Levant * SE Asia: Migrations into the Old World. Modern humans were established in SE Asia by 40,000 years ago and in Australia and Papua New Guinea prior
Ch. 9 * Reasons for development of complexity…: Through circumscription, one group will want to take over through warfare. They will evolve into a chiefdom, which will grow. P.247 * Mesoamerican triad: maize (corn), squash, and beans * Horticulture: the growing of domesticated plants by using hand-held tools and relying on natural sources of moisture and soil enrichment * Agriculture: the growing of crops on permanent plots of land by using the plow, irrigation, and fertilizer.
Ch. 10 * Bergmann’s Rule: Cold-climate-adapted populations tend to have larger bodies than populations adapted to the tropics * Allen’s Rule: Cold-climate-adapted populations tend to have shorter arms and legs relative to height than
Ch. 7 * Hominins: Modern humans and all extinct species more closely related to humans than chimps and bonobos * Fossils found in water and wind-eroded exposures, rift valleys (Great Africa and Rift Valley), volcanic tuffs, rich in potassium, café sites. In Africa during the Late Miocene * Majority of known fossil record is from 500,000 years ago * Characteristics: increased upright posture, bipedal locomotion, change in diet, larger braincase, small face, smaller canines, larger molars, longer legs * Later found in Chad, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, South Africa
Ch. 8 * Middle Stone Age: Blade technology, increasing standardization in shape and size of blades * First evidence of composite tooth * Microliths: very small stone tools with retouched edges, less than 2 inches long and usually triangular, made from blades, used on arrow tips * Upper Paleolithic: 45,000-12,000 years ago, modern humans in Europe and Asia, stone microlith and bone tools, fishing, nets, basketry, art emerges * Levant: Transitions in the Levant * SE Asia: Migrations into the Old World. Modern humans were established in SE Asia by 40,000 years ago and in Australia and Papua New Guinea prior
Ch. 9 * Reasons for development of complexity…: Through circumscription, one group will want to take over through warfare. They will evolve into a chiefdom, which will grow. P.247 * Mesoamerican triad: maize (corn), squash, and beans * Horticulture: the growing of domesticated plants by using hand-held tools and relying on natural sources of moisture and soil enrichment * Agriculture: the growing of crops on permanent plots of land by using the plow, irrigation, and fertilizer.
Ch. 10 * Bergmann’s Rule: Cold-climate-adapted populations tend to have larger bodies than populations adapted to the tropics * Allen’s Rule: Cold-climate-adapted populations tend to have shorter arms and legs relative to height than