of this essay is supportive of the significance of Aripiprazole as a dopamine stabilizer in research and drug discovery.
of this essay is supportive of the significance of Aripiprazole as a dopamine stabilizer in research and drug discovery.
However the antipsychotic drugs had side effects that were similar to the ones in Parkinson’s disease, these side effects were shown in John Nash, after he started his anti-psychotics. The role of the antipsychotic drugs is to block the dopamine…
The antidepressant Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) works by slowing the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. The increased level, of the naturally occurring chemical serotonin, in the synaptic gap is known to enhance moods and overcome depression.…
Min-Wei Huang1,2, Tsung-Tsair Yang3, Po-Ren Ten4, Po-Wen Su5, Bo-Jian Wu6, Chin-Hong Chan7, Tsuo-Hung Lan7, I-Chao Liu3, Wei-Cheh Chiu8, Chun-Ying Li1, Kuo-Sheng Cheng1,9 and Yu-Chi Yeh8*…
Typical antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) work by reducing dopamine within schizophrenia sufferers. Common forms of neuroleptics include drugs such as Thorazine, Prolixin and Haldol. These drugs actually block the activity of the dopamine neurotransmitter, the drugs take effect within 48 hours but it can be several weeks before a noticeable difference is seen with symptom reduction. Barondes’s (1993) research looked into balancing the dosage of the drug, lowering the drug dosage reduced the side effects but also reduced the effectiveness of the drug meaning it wouldn’t necessarily be a successful or quick recovery compared to high dosages of the neuroleptics. Although this showed clear evidence for the effectiveness of neuroleptics in combating schizophrenia, emphasized when changing the dosage changes the effectiveness of the neuroleptics.…
Low levels of both noradrenaline (nora) and serotonin (sero) have been found as being important in unipolar depression (UD) and so it seems logical to treat depression with drugs which increase the availability of these neurotransmitters.…
Antianxiety medications are contraindicated in patients with a history of depression and/or are suicidal. It is known that CNS depressants can worsen depression symptoms by depressing the CNS even further and decreasing the amount of serotonin. BuSpar may be an option for treatment due to the belief that the desired effect takes place through interactions only with serotonin and dopamine. Buspar does not have a sedative effect that most CNS depressants do, so the patient will not exhibit withdrawal symptoms that are usually seen in the other anti-anxiety drugs.…
5. Kee, J.L, Hayes, E.R., McCuistion, Linda E. (2009) Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers. Pharmacology A Nursing Process Approach. (p.409) Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO.…
It has been proven as effective, if not more, than citalopram, as improvement rates for escitalopram are significantly higher than citalopram when the overall treatment effect was studied. Escitalopram has also been shown to be superior to the SNRI duloxetine, and also equivalent to, or better than venlafaxine. Due to the minimal side effects associated with escitalopram, long term remission rates have also been found to be higher than other antidepressants as well. Patients suffering from major depressive disorder exhibit favorable tolerance to escitalopram, regardless of short or long term therapy. Most side effects were mild and temporary, which included insomnia, nausea, excessive sweating, fatigue/somnolence, dysspermatism, and decreased libido. Escitalopram has significantly lower frequencies of adverse side effects than other SSRIs and SNRIs and discontinuation symptoms are also known to be more tolerable as well. (Kirino, 2012). In conclusion, Kirino (2012) notes “Because MDD recurs readily, it is important to select antidepressant drugs that allow high therapy continuity for pharmacological treatments. The effects of escitalopram highlighted in this review indicate that it is an antidepressant drug appropriate for first-line treatment.” Overall, escitalopram provides clients with better clinical outcomes and lower long-term mental health costs…
The meaning of Schizophrenia is the loss of contact with reality also known as split-mind. It shouldn’t be thought of as one disorder as there are several sub-types such as; paranoia, catatonic, disorganised, and undifferentiated; they all have different symptoms. It is a disorder which is estimated at 1% of the population and is more common in males, lower social classes and African-Caribbean’s living in the U.K.…
WebMD, (2005). Dopamine may play new role in depression. Article is from WebMD news archive. Retrieved from http://www.webmd/depression/news/20050728/dopamine-may-play-new-role-in-depression.…
Anxiety is an issue that everyone deals with, whether it be the anxiety of the first day of school, meeting a new client, or a first date, it’s a pertinent issue in everyone’s life. The topic my research paper was given was one on anti-anxiety medications and their effects, I chose an article written by Moira Rynn, M.D., Anthony Puliafico, Ph.D., Charlotte Heleniak, B.A., Pranav Rikhi, Kareem Ghalib, M.D., and Hilary Vidair, Ph.D. that examines the effects of these drugs, mainly in random control trials.…
Serotonin has a range of influences on the neurological and physiological function of the body. It has a significant influence on sensitivity to pain, emotionality, and a behavioral response to positive and negative consequences. Serotonin, along with other major neurotransmitters, is also linked with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Serotonin, or HT-5, also has an effect on sleep, eating patterns, and thermoregulation (Meyer et al., 2005). These seem to contribute to depressive symptoms in animals with depleted stores of 5-H. There are now 14 discernable types of serotonin receptor subtypes. Subtypes 2B, 2C, 4, and 6 have all been linked with depression and anxiety (Tohda et al., 2006). Recent research shows that altering 5-HT2CR mRNA to track the origin of depressive diseases may reveal conclusive information about the origin of neurochemical imbalances. (Tohda et al., 2006) There are different approaches to raise serotonin levels in the brain to normal levels. The most commonly prescribed antidepressants are classified as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs. SSRIs regulate the serotonin transporter, SERT, which slows the reuptake of the neurotransmitter into the presynpatic terminals. While new, more effective drugs with fewer side effects are being deliberated there have been newer ways to attempt to regulate serotonin imbalances. A recent discovery of small interfering RNA molecules may drastically change the treatment of depression and all other neurological diseases. Specially designed siRNA can be used to alter mRNA which will alter the translated protein. This process can be used to silence or increase the potency of its targeted protein (Thakker et al., 2006).…
S, N. G., Rosenquist, K. J., Ko, J. Y., Baldassano, C. F., & al, e. (2004). Antidepressant…
When Dopamine was discovered in 1952, drugs were created to help reduce the amount of dopamine in the brain. Conventional antipsychotics reduce the effects of dopamine, and so reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia. They bind to dopamine receptors, D2 receptors in particular, but do not stimulate them and so block the actions of them, which also helps support the dopamine hypothesis. There is some evidence to support the use of conventional antipsychotics when looking at relapse rates. Davis examined 29 studies and found that relapse occurred in 55% of the patients whose drugs were replaced by a placebo compared to just 19% of those who remained on the drug. This seems to suggest that they are successful in helping people who have schizophrenia. However Ross and Read point out that these figures are misleading as they indicate that 45% of those on a placebo did benefit just from the placebo instead of the taking the course of drugs. Therefore, there is contradictory evidence for the success of conventional antipsychotics in terms of relapse rates.…
Antidepressants result in the death of over 40,000 people each year (Mercola).Due to a fundamental misunderstanding of what depression is and how it should be treated, people who do not need them are often prescribed antidepressants by doctors. The result is dire. A ban against the use of antidepressants would prevent the deaths and health problems of hundreds of thousands of people (Mercola). However, there is a minority of people with chronic depression for whom the use of antidepressants prevents an early death and allows them to better function. Therefore doctors should prescribe antidepressants sparingly and with great caution, using them as a last resort in order to prevent a death. Alternative methods must be used to treat depression,…