Ap Bio Final Study

AP bio final study
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1.

2 carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of

the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate falling statoliths trigger gravitropism 2

9.

acrosomal reaction

2.

a botanist discovers a plant that lacks the ability to form starch grains in root cells, yet the roots still grow downward. This evidence refutes the long standing hypothesis that A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver O2 to a cell in the thumb. From this point in the artery, how many capillary beds must this red blood cell pass through before it returns to the left ventricle of the heart? A large assemblage of land snails is subdivided into two populations ( A and B) by a river that effectively isolates the two populations for an indefinitely long period. From an evolutionary standpoint, what is LEAST likely to occur in the two populations?

The discharge of hydrolytic enzymes from the acrosome, a vesicle in the tip of a sperm, when the sperm approaches or contacts an egg. rest/digestion

10.

3.

Activity associated with parasympathetic division of the nervous system After 10 days, the distilled water culture dish has approximately how many duckweed plants? after an action potential, the resting potential is restored by

11.

6

12.

4.

Populations A may undergo instantaneous speciation by the doubling of its chromosome numbers (polyploidy). Rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, vesicle, plasma membrane stabilizing selection

the opening of voltage sensitive potassium channels and closing of the sodium activation gates memory cells

13.

after the initial immune response subsides, B cells that patrol body tissues for long periods of time which are responsible for initiating a second immune response air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because an example of a micronutrient An important role of soil microbes in biological systems is the... As plants evolved from simple to more complex forms, which of the following occurred? Base sequence on messenger RNA that aids its transport across the nuclear envelope Birds associating the bright colors of certain butterflies with an unpleasant taste is an example of... both the eye and the respiratory tract are protected against infections by breaks down globules of fat into tiny droplets bryophytes differ in that

5.

A protein is synthesized in the cytoplasm and transported to the plasma membrane. Which of the following summarizes the protein's pathway in the cell? A research study sampled populations of field mice annually over the course of 50 years. The population was categorized by coat color. What type of selection is represented? A scientist studying the oxygen concentration in sealed chambers containing cultured plant cells finds that when the chambers are illuminated, the concentration of oxygen decreases. Why does the oxygen concentration decrease when the chamber is kept in the dark? acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle and is partially formed by the removal of

14.

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing lung volume iron recycling of matter

15. 16.

6.

17.

7.

Plant cell mitochondria consume oxygen by aerobic respiration. CO2 from pyruvate

The sporophyte generation became more dominant than the gametophyte generation. extra - chromosomal circular DNA trial and error learning

18.

19.

8.

20.

secretion of lysozome onto their surface bile have independent gametophytes and dependent sporophytes

21.

22.

23.

calvin cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build highenergy compounds such as sugars a ring of cells that reproduce and increase the diameter of stems and roots minerals

36.

cortical reaction

24.

cambium cells

The changing of the vitelline membrane into a hard fertilization envelope that further resists the entry of other sperm. A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen. the most common congenital disease synthesis of a new DNA double helix prior to mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells and during prokaryotic fission in prokaryotic cells the adrenal gland

25.

carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. the products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of Causes plants shoots to bend toward light by stimulating cell elongation. Cells that make up salivary glands would be expected to contain a relatively large amount of... cellular respiration

37.

cyclic electron flow

26.

auxin
38.

cystic fibrosis DNA replication

27.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

39.

28.

metabolic pathway where glucose is degraded into CO2 and H2O produces the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and H2O organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis in cellular respiration, series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and produce ATP; energizes electron carriers that pass the energized electrons on to the electron transport chain situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism sorus the ciliary muscle cerebellum
43. 40.

29.

chemiosmosis

30.

chloroplasts

during stress ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex, the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla During the fall, a chipmunk experiences a sustained period of cold weather. The chipmunk's thyroid gland responds by secreting a greater quantity of thyroxin. Which of the following represents the most accurate pathway from the central nervous system to the target cells? electron transport chain

41.

31.

citric acid cycle

CNS, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, thyroid, thyroxin, target cells

42.

32.

codominance

33.

collection of spore chambers controls the shape of the eye lens to allow focusing coordinates muscle actions

a series of proteins in which the highenergy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts

epiphytes

34.

35.

44.

epistasis eukaryotic cells at metaphase 1 eukaryotic cells at prophase of mitosis exhalation of air from the human lungs Fire has what effect on the community? first haploid cell in the life cycle of a plant first phylum on evolutionary tree with 3 germ layers for the synthesis of glucose in the calvin cycle it must turn formation of polypeptide chains under abiotic conditions fossil evidence of earliest living organisms fruits develop from function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid is to gametangia

the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene paired replicated linear chromosomes

57.

gibberellins

45.

a growth hormone that causes a wide variety of effects. One role is to stimulate growth of stems by promoting cell division. Farmers use it to make fruit grow larger. a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP response of a plant to the force of gravity Showed the transfer of genetic information between bacteria using mice an enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands used bacteriophages and radioactive phosphorus in DNA and sulfur to determine what makes up genes gymnosperms, and angiosperms which bear pollen grains and seeds in female and male parts of plants estrogen and progesterone

46.

unpaired replicated linear chromosomes

58.

glycolysis

47.

volume of thoracic cavity decreases
59.

gravitropism Griffith and Avery

48.

It recycles dead plant material, thus nutrients become available. spore

60.

49.

61.

helicase

50.

platyhelminthus Hershey and Chase

62.

51.

6 times
63.

heterosporus condition led to hormone that prepares and maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy hormones are distributed throughout the body by How many different genotypes are possible from the cross shown above? If a molecule of CO2 is released into the blood in your left toe out of your nose, it must pass all structures EXCEPT If a physician hears two "lub" sounds instead of one, then what is true?

52.

supply structural units and enzymes to catalyze reactions

64.

65.

blood system

53.

3.8 billion years ago

66.

9

54.

ovules oxidize NADH to NAD+
67.

55.

pulmonary vein

56.

The reproductive organ of bryophytes, consisting of the male antheridium and female archegonium; a multichambered jacket of sterile cells in which gametes are formed.

68.

the atrioventricular valves are not closing at the same time

69.

If a population is at Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following can be predicted for the recessive alleles in the population? If red blood cells cultured in an isotonic medium are placed in distilled water, they will most likely... If the concentration of potassium in the cytoplasm of a nerve cell with a resting membrane potential of -70 mV were elevated above normal, the new resting potential would in a plant, ATP synthase complexes are located in the

They will be maintained at the same frequency. swell and lyse

83.

70.

in the inflammatory response, the absence of what prevents others from happening in the pressure flow hypothesis of translocation, what causes the pressure in the process of spore formation meiosis occurs in the life cycle of interphase

release of histamine

84.

osmotic uptake of water by sieve tubes at the source

71.

-69mV or higher
85.

vascular plants

72.

thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane two

86.

the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions marine fish each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair pulmonary circuit sieve tube members

73.

In a species that has 5 different alleles for a gene at a particular locus, how many different alleles may be present in the somatic cells of one diploid individual? in attempting to make a seed break dormancy one logically could treat it with In evolutionary terms, what organism is the most successful?

87.

kidneys excrete little urine law of independent assortment

88.

74.

gibberellins
89.

law of segregation

75.

The one that leaves the greatest number of offspring that survive to reproduce. two molecules of ATP are used and 4 are produced lactate

90.

leads to, through, and from the lungs living cells that lack nuclei and ribosomes, they transport sugars and other organic nutrients meiosis

76.

in glycolysis, each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

91.

77.

In mammals, which of the following substances is produced in a muscle that operates anaerobically? In most dicot seeds, which of the following structures is responsible for the storage of carbohydrates? In pond water, the duckweed population grows at an average rate of... in the calvin cycle extra ATP comes from the in the chloroplast

92.

78.

cotyledon

process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell Used nitrogen isotopes to test the three models of DNA replication; found that semiconservative the most likely model. a triglyceride

79.

1 plant per 3 days cyclic electron flow the cyclic electron flow produces ATP PGAL is synthesized

93.

Meselson and Stahl

80.

94.

81.

82.

in the dark reactions of photosynthesis

Metabolism of which of the following molecules results in the greatest net usable energy per gram?

95.

Milk kept past the expiration date often spoils, tastes sour, and develops stringy curds. This can be explained by what? mitosis

Bacteria produce lactic acid, which lowers the pH and denatures the milk proteins.

108.

once stimulated by antigens on the surface of macrophages, helper T cells may one is most likely to see guttation in small plants when the Only endocrine gland whose secretary function is under direct control of sympathetic nerves only light reactions produce only the calvin cycle requires organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have... paramecium

stimulate B cells to divide and develop into plasma cells

109.

96.

the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one copy of the dna is distributed into each daughter cell chlorophyll

root pressure exceeds the transpiration pull adrenal medulla

110.

97.

Molecule contains a porphyrin ring with a central magnesium atom. Molecule that can absorb photons of light and release electrons to the primary electron acceptor. mollusks with the most complex nervous system most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules in food occurs in the most unusual feature of echinoderms nematocysts are found only in Neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic axon terminals into the synaptic cleft by Neurotransmitters characterized as inhibitory would NOT be expected to nondisjunction

111.

NADPH/ O2 CO2 and ATP a closed circulatory system

98.

chlorophyll

112.

113.

99.

cephalapods small intestine

100.

114.

101.

water vascular system cnidarians exocytosis part of the brain that controls basic responses necessary to maintain life processes photoperiodism

A ciliated (it propels itself via cilia) protist that lives in fresh water and eats other tiny organisms for food. medulla oblongata

102.

115.

103.

116.

104.

open Na+ channels
117.

a plant's response to seasonal changes in length of night and day The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis. process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches gametophytes

photophosphorylation

105.

meiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
118.

106.

nucleic acid

photosynthesis

107.

nucleotide

119.

plant spores give rise directly to

120.

plants do not have a circulatory system like that of some animals. If a given water molecule did "circulate", it would require the activity of plasmid exchanged by conjugating bacteria pleiotropy

xylem and phloem

135.

sporopollenin

a durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out. a specialized plastid that contains dense starch grains and may play a role in detecting gravity thyroxine the dense colorless framework of a chloroplast pancreas

136.

statolith

121.

extra - chromosomal circular DNA A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype the idea that carbohydrates produced in leaves through photosynthesis flow down phloem sieve tubes due to pressure from the leaf. the carbohydrates go down to the roots, where they are stored light - independent reactions of photosynthesis stimulates and maintains metabolic processes stroma Structure that produces most of the hydrolytic enzymes that are active in the small intestine. Structure that stores lipid - emulsifying salts Structure where glycogen typically occurs in large quantities as a storage product. Structure where pepsin hydrolyses proteins the ATP made during glycolysis is generated by The best evidence that the giant panda is more closely related to bears than is the raccoonlike lesser panda involves... the blood level of....is most important in controlling human respiration rate the calvin cycle requires the clonal selection theory implies that The control over milk production, water balance, and labor in childbirth is mediated by the the division of the lateral meristem the driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is due primarily to

122.

137.

123.

pressure flow hypothesis

138.

139.

124.

Production of ATP occurs in al of the following processes EXCEPT products of light reactions used by the calvin cycle Protein synthesis termination triplet radicle Rates of adaptive radiation typically are at their highest in which of the following situations? red algae can live in deeper water because Regulates flowering in plants that are sensitive to the length of the photoperiod. rootlike absorbing filaments rubisco participates in the calvin cycle and has an affinity for both seeds commonly provide for each of the following EXCEPT Site of protein synthesis

140.

gall bladder liver

141.

125.

ATP and NADPH
142.

stomach substrate level phosphorylation DNA sequence comparisons

126.

nonsense codon
143.

127. 128.

the embryonic root When new niches become available
144.

129.

phycobulins phytochrome

145.

CO2

130.

146. 147.

CO2, ATP, RuBP antigens activate specific lymphocytes posterior pituitary

131.

rhizoids O2 and CO2

148.

132.

133.

choice of germination location

149.

increases the diameter of roots and stems elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem

150.

134.

ribosome

151.

the electron transport molecules of photophosphorylation are located in the the filtrate removed from the blood by the kidneys might contain The flow of which of the following into the mitochondrial matrix provides the chemiosmotic energy for the synthesis of ATP? the following states of fertilization and early development

stroma

164.

the release of cyclic AMP as a second messenger is a response to The spaces that separate adjacent Schwann cells The tertiary structure and function of the polypeptide is principally determined by... The unequal division of the cytoplasm among frog embryo cells during early cleavage, as shown in the diagram, results from... the vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root these cells are involved in innate immunity, and a person lacking these might have a higher chance of getting a malignant tumor triplet on tRNA typical of prokaryotic cells after fission under the conditions of high light intensity, intense heat, and dryness What best explains why many different species can live together within an ecosystem with limited resources? What best summarizes the theory of punctuated equilibrium?

glycoprotein and peptide hormones nodes

152.

salts, amino acids, glucose, and urea protons

165.

153.

166.

interactions between amino acids present in the polypeptide.

154.

acrosomal reaction, plasma membrane, depolarization, cortical reaction, fusion of egg and sperm nuclei complete, onset of new DNA synthesis, first cell division analogy

167.

uneven distribution of yolk

168.

stele

155.

The functional similarity of the mandibles (hinged jaws) of insects and those of mammals is an example of... the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by the O2 needed by plants is ultimately derived from The occurrence of a particular genetic condition in a family is shown in the pedigree above. Which of the following is the most likely inheritance pattern for the individuals with the condition> Squares represent males, circles represent females, and shaded symbols represent individuals who exhibit the condition. the PH in the interior of the thylakoid is the pigment responsible for photoperiodism the primary functions of the light reactions of photosynthesis are The primary producers of the deep sea communities associated with hot water vents are... the reaction center chlorophyll of photosystem 1 is known as P700

169.

natural killer cells

156.

releasing hormones photosynthesis autosomal dominant
170. 171.

157.

anticodon circular chromosomes C4 plants would synthesize carbohydrates

158.

172.

173.

each species occupies a different niche

159.

lower than that of the stroma phytochrome to produce ATP and NADPH chemoautotrophic bacteria best at absorbing light with wavelength 700nm

174.

160.

161.

Most taxa experience relatively short periods during which they undergo rapid change, followed by relatively long periods during which they undergo relatively little change. Diffusion of positively charged ions across the cell membrane.

162.

175.

163.

What causes the rapid change of membrane polarity during an action potential? what do results of research on gravitropic responses of roots and stems show

176.

dermal tissue

177.

what element is a component of both proteins and nucleic acids What immune system cell is most severely depleted by HIV/AIDS? What ion is significantly involved in the opening and closing of the stomata? What is associated with the evolution of the nervous system what is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant What is true of a specialized companion cell of the phloem that is connected to the palisade mesophyll cell by plasmodesmata? What is true of both mitochondria and chloroplasts? What is TRUE of C4 plants such as corn? What occurs in both fermentation and aerobic cellular respiration? What occurs in response to a rise in the blood sugar level? What occurs in the immediate fight or flight response to danger or fear? What organism possesses both a system of blood vessels and a digestive tract in which food travels in only one direction? what process of osmoregulation by the kidney is LEAST selective What statement about the process of excretion in animals is correct?

nitrogen

193.

when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate in glycolysis Which of the following best describes allosteric inhibition of an enzyme? Which of the following characteristics distinguishes prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic organisms? Which of the following diseases is caused by the lack of a functional gene responsible for a specific enzyme? Which of the following is the most direct result of the heating up of pond water during the summer? Which of the following led to the increased function of the invertebrate nervous system? Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function? Which of the following pairs of plants are most closely related? Which of the following sequences best represents the life cycle of a typical angiosperm?

most of the energy of glucose is retained in pyruvate the inhibitor binds to the enzyme but not at its active site Prokaryotes are structurally less complex than eukaryotes are. Tay-Sachs disease

178.

helper T cells

194.

179.

potassium

195.

180.

bilateral symmetry
196.

181.

pollen grain Materials synthesized in photosynthesis could be sent from the mesophyll cell to the companion cell. They include compartments where hydrogen ions are concentrated. The calvin cycle is confined to the bundle sheath cells. ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin. An increase in glucose catabolism An intake system is compromised of a series of tubes.
202. 197.

182.

the water's ability to hold oxygen decreases. Cephalization of the major sensory organs and the cerebrum lysosome...lipid hydrolysis Kidney bean and scarlet runner bean sporophyte, meiosis, gametophyte, gametes, fertilization, zygote, sporophyte Atoms, molecules, cells, organisms, ecosystems pulmonary vein one sperm nucleus and two sperm nuclei (double fertilization) muscular system

198.

183.

199.

184.

200.

185.

201.

186.

187.

188.

Which of the following statements most correctly represents the organization of living systems from the smallest to largest? Which of the following structures contains highly oxygenated blood? which structure must pass through the micropyle for successful fertilization to occur in angiosperms which system is involved with heat production

203.

204.

189.

filtration

190.

Animals with closed circulatory systems usually have capillary beds associated with their excretory organs. connective regulation of body temperature

205.

191. 192.

what type of tissue is blood What would be most affected if an accident caused trauma to the hypothalamus