Ap Bio Study Guide
Sam Rausser
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 3:38 PM
Once glucose is made, glucose molecules can be converted (by plants) to… 1) monosaccharides, like fructose 2) Disaccharides a. Maltose (glu‐glu) seeds b. Sucrose (glu‐fru) sugar cane, sugar beets 3) Polysaccharides a. Starch, food storage in roots (chains of glucose) b. Cellulose, plant structure (chains of glucose) 4) Amino Acids a. Glucose + N from ground 5) Lipids, specifically oils which are energy source in seeds & phospholipids found in membranes 6) Nucleic Acids a. Glucose + N + P from the ground Animals make some molecules unique to them 1) Galactose (monosaccharide) from glucose 2) Lactose (disaccharide) Glu‐Gal found in milk 3) Solid lipids (not oils) solid at room temperature 4) Glycogen‐ chains of glucose used for energy storage Synthesizing Polymers 1) Dehydration synthesis a. monomers join together into polymers while losing water molecules. This process is carried out by losing (‐OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from another monomer. The two unstable monomers join together, and the (‐OH) and (H) combine forming water (H2O) Taking Polymers Apart 1) Hydrolysis a. Adding H2O so that OH and H can be restored
Carbohydrates 1) Monosaccharides= same formula (C6H12O6) yet slightly different structures 2) Polysaccharides a. Starch (amylose)= unbranched chain of glucose b. Glycogen= branched chain of glucose (20 min supply in muscles) both starch & glycogen are made from α (alpha) glucose, both bonds can be hydrolyzed by our bodies c. Cellulose is made from β (beta) glucose. Our bodies cannot hydrolyze cellulose: cellulose is indigestible & comes out as #2. β Glucose are H‐bonded together for added strength α Glucose does not have H‐bonds Lipids 1) Triglyceride a. Glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecule 3 carbons | each fatty acid is a long chain b. Saturated= all carbon‐carbon bonds are single (c‐c), solid at room temperature c. Unsaturated= at least one carbon‐carbon bond is double (c=), Liquid
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 3:38 PM
Once glucose is made, glucose molecules can be converted (by plants) to… 1) monosaccharides, like fructose 2) Disaccharides a. Maltose (glu‐glu) seeds b. Sucrose (glu‐fru) sugar cane, sugar beets 3) Polysaccharides a. Starch, food storage in roots (chains of glucose) b. Cellulose, plant structure (chains of glucose) 4) Amino Acids a. Glucose + N from ground 5) Lipids, specifically oils which are energy source in seeds & phospholipids found in membranes 6) Nucleic Acids a. Glucose + N + P from the ground Animals make some molecules unique to them 1) Galactose (monosaccharide) from glucose 2) Lactose (disaccharide) Glu‐Gal found in milk 3) Solid lipids (not oils) solid at room temperature 4) Glycogen‐ chains of glucose used for energy storage Synthesizing Polymers 1) Dehydration synthesis a. monomers join together into polymers while losing water molecules. This process is carried out by losing (‐OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from another monomer. The two unstable monomers join together, and the (‐OH) and (H) combine forming water (H2O) Taking Polymers Apart 1) Hydrolysis a. Adding H2O so that OH and H can be restored
Carbohydrates 1) Monosaccharides= same formula (C6H12O6) yet slightly different structures 2) Polysaccharides a. Starch (amylose)= unbranched chain of glucose b. Glycogen= branched chain of glucose (20 min supply in muscles) both starch & glycogen are made from α (alpha) glucose, both bonds can be hydrolyzed by our bodies c. Cellulose is made from β (beta) glucose. Our bodies cannot hydrolyze cellulose: cellulose is indigestible & comes out as #2. β Glucose are H‐bonded together for added strength α Glucose does not have H‐bonds Lipids 1) Triglyceride a. Glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecule 3 carbons | each fatty acid is a long chain b. Saturated= all carbon‐carbon bonds are single (c‐c), solid at room temperature c. Unsaturated= at least one carbon‐carbon bond is double (c=), Liquid