Ap Biology Unit 9 Essay
Unit 7 Discussion forum
Question 1: Write a sentence for each of these mechanisms describing the manner in which the DNA can betransferred from one cell to another
Transformation is one of three processes for horizontal gene transfer by which genetic material passes from bacterium to another. “It is the acting of altering a genetic cell resulting from putting together exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s),”(Wikipedia, 2017, p.1).
Conjugation: This is the transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact.
Transduction: It the injection of foreign DNA by a virus that specifically infests bacteria, in this case host bacterium
Question 2. Choose a disease or an organism that has …show more content…
a well-documented mechanism of resistance and see if you can identify the gene or genes that confer resistance
The mmr gene, cloned from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was shown to confer to “Mycobacterium smegmatis resistance to tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP), erythromycin, ethidium bromide, acriflavine, safranin O, and pyronin Y.
The gene appears to code for a protein containing four transmembrane domains,” (Rossi, et al., 1998, p.1).
Question 3: method of DNA transfer thought to contribute to its spread Horizontal gene transfer (HGT): Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), also known as lateral gene transfer (LGT), “is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms,” (Wikipedia, 2017, p.1). It is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Question 4: discuss the danger that antibiotic resistance poses in today’s society, consider how man has contributed to this and suggest any strategies that you think may be able to halt it or prevent its expansion
Antibiotic resistance occurs when an antibiotic can no longer control or stop bacterial growth. The danger this antibiotic resistance poses, is that resistant bacteria can quickly spread between people, causing strains of infectious disease that are very difficult to cure and more expensive to …show more content…
treat.
This is true, here in Swaziland so many people are dying of tuberculosis due to resistance bacteria.
“More than a quarter of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains isolated in a national survey in Swaziland carry a mutation that is undetectable by the advanced rapid molecular diagnostic tests currently in widespread use,”(MSF, 2015, p.1).
Man contributed to this problem because of because we humans have overused antibiotic both for people and farmed animals.
Across my street we used to have a chemist store close to us. The only drug sold there is antibiotic. Any time you visit the store all they do is dish out antibiotic. Whether headache, fever, or stomach pain, all you receive is antibiotic. This kind of over use and miss use gave rise to resistance bacteria.
“Leading scientists are now warning that we are in danger of entering a ‘post antibiotic’ age, which may make many routine surgical operations dangerous and could cut life expectancy,”(Viva, 2016, p.4).
This is a serious case prof. According to, “United Nations Development Programme, Mandeep Dhaliwal, warned of a return to the era before Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin. “We are on the road back to the days of people dying from common infections and injuries.”(Viva, 2016, p.4).
My recommendation strategies will
be
1. Call for a global conference on the proper use of antibiotic
2. I will call for training of medical professionals of the use of antibiotic
3. I will for government restrictions on the availability of antibiotic in medical stores
4. Improve technological research on resistance bacteria and how to overthrown them.
5. National research centre on resistance bacteria in all countries of the world.
Reference
MSF. (2015). Multi-drug resistant TB strain in Swaziland not detectable by most advanced rapid diagnostic tests. Retrieved from https://www.msfaccess.org/about-us/media-room/press-releases/multi-drug-resistant-tb-strain-swaziland-not-detectable-most
Rossi et al. (1998). mmr, a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gene Conferring Resistance to Small Cationic Dyes and Inhibitors. Retrieved from http://jb.asm.org/content/180/22/6068.full.pdf
Wikipedia. (2017). Transformation (genetics). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_%28genetics%29
Viva. (2016). What is antibiotic resistance and why is it a danger. Retrieved from https://www.viva.org.uk/faqs/what-antibiotic-resistance-and-why-it-danger
Wikipedia (2017). Horizontal gene transfer. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer
Question 1: Write a sentence for each of these mechanisms describing the manner in which the DNA can betransferred from one cell to another
Transformation is one of three processes for horizontal gene transfer by which genetic material passes from bacterium to another. “It is the acting of altering a genetic cell resulting from putting together exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s),”(Wikipedia, 2017, p.1).
Conjugation: This is the transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact.
Transduction: It the injection of foreign DNA by a virus that specifically infests bacteria, in this case host bacterium
Question 2. Choose a disease or an organism that has …show more content…
a well-documented mechanism of resistance and see if you can identify the gene or genes that confer resistance
The mmr gene, cloned from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was shown to confer to “Mycobacterium smegmatis resistance to tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP), erythromycin, ethidium bromide, acriflavine, safranin O, and pyronin Y.
The gene appears to code for a protein containing four transmembrane domains,” (Rossi, et al., 1998, p.1).
Question 3: method of DNA transfer thought to contribute to its spread Horizontal gene transfer (HGT): Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), also known as lateral gene transfer (LGT), “is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms,” (Wikipedia, 2017, p.1). It is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Question 4: discuss the danger that antibiotic resistance poses in today’s society, consider how man has contributed to this and suggest any strategies that you think may be able to halt it or prevent its expansion
Antibiotic resistance occurs when an antibiotic can no longer control or stop bacterial growth. The danger this antibiotic resistance poses, is that resistant bacteria can quickly spread between people, causing strains of infectious disease that are very difficult to cure and more expensive to …show more content…
treat.
This is true, here in Swaziland so many people are dying of tuberculosis due to resistance bacteria.
“More than a quarter of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains isolated in a national survey in Swaziland carry a mutation that is undetectable by the advanced rapid molecular diagnostic tests currently in widespread use,”(MSF, 2015, p.1).
Man contributed to this problem because of because we humans have overused antibiotic both for people and farmed animals.
Across my street we used to have a chemist store close to us. The only drug sold there is antibiotic. Any time you visit the store all they do is dish out antibiotic. Whether headache, fever, or stomach pain, all you receive is antibiotic. This kind of over use and miss use gave rise to resistance bacteria.
“Leading scientists are now warning that we are in danger of entering a ‘post antibiotic’ age, which may make many routine surgical operations dangerous and could cut life expectancy,”(Viva, 2016, p.4).
This is a serious case prof. According to, “United Nations Development Programme, Mandeep Dhaliwal, warned of a return to the era before Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin. “We are on the road back to the days of people dying from common infections and injuries.”(Viva, 2016, p.4).
My recommendation strategies will
be
1. Call for a global conference on the proper use of antibiotic
2. I will call for training of medical professionals of the use of antibiotic
3. I will for government restrictions on the availability of antibiotic in medical stores
4. Improve technological research on resistance bacteria and how to overthrown them.
5. National research centre on resistance bacteria in all countries of the world.
Reference
MSF. (2015). Multi-drug resistant TB strain in Swaziland not detectable by most advanced rapid diagnostic tests. Retrieved from https://www.msfaccess.org/about-us/media-room/press-releases/multi-drug-resistant-tb-strain-swaziland-not-detectable-most
Rossi et al. (1998). mmr, a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gene Conferring Resistance to Small Cationic Dyes and Inhibitors. Retrieved from http://jb.asm.org/content/180/22/6068.full.pdf
Wikipedia. (2017). Transformation (genetics). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_%28genetics%29
Viva. (2016). What is antibiotic resistance and why is it a danger. Retrieved from https://www.viva.org.uk/faqs/what-antibiotic-resistance-and-why-it-danger
Wikipedia (2017). Horizontal gene transfer. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer