AP Euro Study Guide

AP Euro. Study Guide #2

Commercial Revolution:

Characteristics:
New Wealth
Growth in overseas trade
Commerce (buying and selling of goods) no longer local but global
Rise in capitalism (an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.)
Encouraged joint-stock venture
Banking system formed
Nations adopt philosophy of mercantilism (belief in the benefits of profitable trading)

Banking families in Europe:
Theologians began to distinguish between usury (immoral interest rates) and legitimate
Amsterdam became center of banking, Bank of Amsterdam
Sight Drafts are issued: A draft or bill payable on demand

Price Revolution:
Inflation (steady rise in prices), 2% per year
Increase in pop.=increase for food
Agricultural prices rose
Royal debasing of currency (lowering in value, money) -More $ in circulation -More Au (Gold), Ag (silver) from Americas
Wage failed to keep up with price increase therefore wage earners saw standard of living drop

16th Century Capitalism:
Entrepreneurs-business men who took risks for profit (Medici in Florence, German Fuggers)
Shift away from local guilds, to more long distance trading
Domestic System -Entrepreneurs gave work, such as weaving, to peasants to do in their homes (cottage industry) -Divergence b/t capitol and labor=less personal relationships
New Wealth enabled government’s and private entrepreneurs to sponsor basic research in printing, mining, textiles

Age of Discovery:
Portugal
-Focus was sailing around Africa+Asia (Bartholomew Diaz, Vasco de Gama) -Created successful commercial l(trade) empire throughout Africa, India, Asia -Frances Xavier- Successful Portuguese missionary -Golden Age for Portugal

Treaty of Tordesillas/Line of Demarcation: line Separated the Portuguese from Spanish
Characteristics of Spanish Empires in Americas:
Advanced technologies, this was especially true when it came to hunting, fishing, boats, and vessels
Sought to expand Catholicism in the Americas, which included conversion of local natives and Indians.

Reformation:
John Hus: -Priest and chancellor of university of Progue in Bohemia -Attack on worldliness and corruption in clergy + excessive papacy power -Burned at stake as heretic in 1415
PROTESTANT REFORMATION BEGAN ON: October 31, 1517
Luther’s Belief’s:
Salvation was gained through faith alone.
Clergy were permitted to marry.
The Bible would be in the vernacular
No fast or pilgrimages
No saints
No monasteries or convents(nuns live)
No Catholic masses(rejection of transubstantiation and consubstantiation)
-Catholics (Transubstantiation) - wine and blood
-Lutherans (Consubstantiation)- God presence in it
-Calvinists (symbolic)
No purgatory
The only two sacraments were baptism and holy communion(Eucharist-Holy Communion) Luther’s Conflicts with Catholic Church:
1) Luther claimed man is saved by faith alone (the Catholic church claimed both faith and good works were needed).
2) The Eucharist at Communion is not the actual body of Christ, but a symbol of Christ.
3) Any person could read the Bible and understand it. (The Church argued that to best understand the Bible you needed some prior knowledge - The commentaries of church leaders who had read and studied the Bible intensely, especially - and/or the proven blessing of the Holy Spirit. From the Catholic Church's view, Luther's idea here was worse than saying an average person could understand the law, as well as any lawyer.)
4) Luther thought priests should be able to marry. Unfortunately, this was probably because he chose to live with, and later marry, an ex-nun.
Philip Melanchthon- Wrote Augsburg Confession(All of this included in this)

Luther’s Reaction to Peasants Revolt:
Did not support major social changes: when German Peasants revolted, Luther encouraged nobles to suppress them

Reasons for Luther’s Success:
German Nationalism: German began to identify themselves as distinct ppl who needed own church
Economic Factors: Germans wanted to stop money flow to Italy, Germans saw opportunity to take over catholic church land
Technology: Printing Press
Renaissance Humanism: Promoted questioning and individualism

Peace of Augsburg:
Treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes
Stopped the fighting by “He who controls the land, controls the religion.”
Eccesiastical Revolution- when a prince converted to Protestantism, church land stayed with catholic church

Ulrich Zwingli:
Humanist educated priest who believed in a literal interpretation of the bible.

Anabaptists:
Founded by Concrad Grebel
Key Ideas: Adult baptism, Pacifism, no oaths refusal to hold gov’s offices
Members tented to poor peasants\

Calvin’s Beliefs:
Founded by John Calvin
Published the most important book in whole reform “Institutes of the Christian Religion
Key Ideas: Predestination, Only the “elect” not the reprobates would go to heaven, which are very few
Strict Moral Behavior
Hard work is good
Churches were no run by bishops but buy a group of ppl k/a “presbyters”

Reformation in England:

Henry VII(8th)-1509-1547
Renaissance Man
Designated Defender of Faith” by Pope Leo X
English expected male heirs and Henry had one, his daughter Mary Tudor
Henry’s Dilemma:
Catherine of Aragon, his wife was getting old, and he needed a male heir.
Pope would not grant annulment b/c Catherine aunt to Charles V(HRE)
Got Archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas Crammer) to invalidate marriage to Catherine .
Marries Anne Boleyn, got pregnant Act of Succession made Anne’s children=legit heirs(family)

Edward VI:
Henry’s Child
Became king at age 10, died at age 16
During his time Protestant Reformation really came to life.
Act of Conformity: Imposed Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayers on all English churches
Second Act of Conformity: Imposed revised edition on Book of Common Prayers on all churches.

Mary:
Mary Tudor came to throne after Lady Jane Grey
Child of Henry and Catherine
Referred to as “Bloody Mary”, reestablished Catholiscm and in doing so killed over 2k Protestants