URBANISATION: a process where an increasing proportion of the population lives in towns and cities, and there is a reduction of people living in rural areas
URBAN REGENERATION:
Slum clearance: the removal of old, port quality housing
Peripheral housing estates: new estates on the edges of towns
Regeneration and modernisation: upgrading of existing housing stock
CAUSES:
Rural urban migration:
This is because of push-pull factors: for example people came to get a better job
Rural urban migration occurred in the 19th century specifically, as mechanisation was the driving force in farming - which resulted in farmers being unemployed.
This acted as a motivation to previous farm workers to visit cities …show more content…
and join a large scale production factory.
Natural increase:
The people that migrate into the towns are generally young - which results in high levels of natural increase in urban population.
High proportion of young, fertile adults = high birth rate
Lower death rates due to improvement in medicine
LAND-USE:
CBD:
STANDS FOR CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
Main shopping, offices and services area
Middle of the city - accessible zone of regeneration - modernised houses
INNER CITY:
Older area located around the CBD
In the UK, this area is usually built before 1918
Terraced housing
SUBURBS:
The edge of the city area
Many built after 1945
Get newer as they reach the edge of the city
Contain both the:
INNER SUBURBS - which have large semi detached housing (older)
OUTER SUBURBS - which have large detached housing (newer)
RURAL-URBAN FRINGE:
Area around the city where urban and rural mixes (town + countryside)
Located here would be a council estate and and out-of-town retail centre
ISSUES:
HOUSING:
Population in the UK = increased by 7% since 1971
Number of households = risen 30% since 1971
More people live alone = (7 million of the UK’s population)
1/3 of single-persons households are over 65 poorly maintained housing lack of basic amenities (50% without baths)
Government target to build 240,000 new houses every year by 2016, so house prices don’t spiral out of control
New houses will be 60% built brown-field sites (existing towns and cities/ previously built-on land) and some on greenfield sites (new land) to meet the growing demands and contrasting needs from the population
Case study:
Gorballs project (1957-1974) -GLASGOW
People were keen to move into an increased community
500000 people were dispersed to new towns where the estates lacked amenities
A mixture of housing styles including public and private developments on brownfield site - great in comparison to previous tenement blocks GOOD
However this wasn't entirely successful as many were relocated to suburban social housing estates or in new tower blocks on the outskirts BAD
Also, cost-sitting building techniques were used - rushed construction BAD
Existing communities broken up BAD
THE INNER CITY:
High crime rate and high unemployment older, poorer quality housing ageing population declining industry
CITY CHALLENGE (holistic approach to regeneration initive in the 1990’s)
Case study:
Govan initiative (1987-1994)
Problems:
factory closure decay and decline of housing stock environmental damage by M8 motorway
Solutions:
small scale developments created new businesses environmental improvements education and training for resident workforce
Successes:
rebirth of local ship yards provided jobs for local workers GOOD
‘bottom up’ approach served the needs of the community GOOD
Gear project (1976-1987)
Problems:
the project was a response to the mistakes of slum clearance and peripheral estates
Policy:
modernisation rather than demolition with newly built housing (2000 private homes) combining with existing housing
Evaluation:
refurbishing tenement block (1200 of them) GOOD attracted 300 factories and private investors GOOD
However, most jobs are taken by commuters BAD
TRAFFIC:
Demand for greater mobility due to higher population = increased car congestion
Causes environmental problems
Causes standing traffic, congestion, noise and air pollution
Solutions:
encouragement of bicycles park and ride scheme making public transport more appealing e.g. more attractive/hygienic congestion charges
Case Study:
Glasgow’s ambitious transport policy: the construction of one of the UK’s few ‘urban freeways’ - the M8 improved communications led to an increase in commuting and the loss of some good quality inner city housing
MULTI-CULTURAL MIX:
Why does ethnic segregation occur?
specialist facilities (e.g. religious buildings and shops that sell special food/items specially for a religion, etc)
Support for others - people feel safe when they can associate with others from a similar background as it gives them a sense of belonging (avoids racial abuse)
Familiar culture comfort from others who understand you and speak the same language and who you can talk about your religious beliefs with
Stronger in numbers - maintain a larger voice
Solutions:
improving educational provision and opportunities in deprived areas increasing employment for basic skills - providing information and training community involvement providing facilities to encourage the whole community to engage instead of separate ethic groups
GORBALLS:
developing new housing schemes = 2/3 of Glasgow’s population in new or modernised housing in 1990
Building health centres and improving social services …show more content…
CBD:
Problems:
struggled to attract businesses in the 1960’s to the early 1980’s out-of-town retail shops are proven to be more favourable as the destinations are better, along with equally pleasant shopping opportunities and amble parking
The CBD is busy, congested, crowded and has poor air quality (due to the high lead and diesel concentration)
Solutions:
rebranding Glasgow as a cultural city to focus on tourism refurbished the CBD to encourage retail development
EXAMPLES: Buchanon street and having the largest concentration of shops outside of London
SUSTAINABLE CITY:
GLASGOW
ECONOMY/JOBS: from the early 80’s till the late 90’s, 60000 new jobs had been created
3 million visitors a year
2nd largest shopping centre outside of London
SUCCESSES:
unemployment is down many jobs are available - meaning economy is stable a large income from many visitors spending money
ENVIRONMENT:
Very important to conserve the historic and natural environment the use of brownfield sites should be more encouraged than greenfield sites
The disposal of waste much be handled safely - not destroying the environment
£65 million invested in public realm e.g.
parks
20,000 square feet of leisure facilities all integrated with the CBD
SUCCESSES:
creates a sustainable community with a lot to do and still maintaining environmental beauty
HOUSING:
New housing developments encourage people to move back into the centre
Includes a variety of styles and designs - both private and public developments
SUCCESSES:
many people want to move in, resulting in a flourishing and sustainable community
LOCAL INVOLVEMENT/POLITICS: locals should have the right to be included in the decision-making process local community involvement with the housing
association actively involved in the redesign of the Gorballs redevelopment
SUCCESSES:
local political involvement has increased local community involvement has increased
SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS: aka SLUMS or SHANTY TOWNS
DEFINITION:
Areas of cities that are built by people of nay materials they can find on land that doesn't belong to them
DEFINITION OF INFORMAL SECTOR: the part of economy where jobs are created by people to try and get an income and are not recognised in official figures
The pace of the rural-urban migration = TOO FAST
Doesn't allow enough time for proper houses to be built or for the economy to grow and provide official jobs - therefore many people make makeshift shelters and creating their own employment (e.g. selling items, repairing items, becoming couriers, etc.)
Characteristics: high-rise flats compacted and close-together houses with no basic infrastructure (e.g. no sanitation/ electricity) densely populated and overcrowded = no privacy or protection dirty and unhygienic - rubbish is not collected resulting in disease and filth no facilities - toilets are far away and water needs to be collected at a cost no economy - create poorly paid, unreliable jobs crime is present due to lack of education
These characteristics stops those who suffer from excelling and changing the system, as the lack of facilities and education means that they couldn't get a well-paid job elsewhere. And since there is no real economy present in the squatter settlements more facilities cannot be paid for, therefore it’s a vicious circle.
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE LIVING CONDITIONS IN SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS:
SITE AND SERVICE: Where the land is identified for the scheme and the infrastructure is laid in advance of the settlement so water, sanitation and electricity are properly supplied. Then people can build their homes using whatever materials they can afford.
SELF-HELP:
Occurs where local authorities support the residents in improving their homes. It is very much the cooperation between residents and local authorities that results in getting the job done successfully. This involves: replacing flimsy, temporary materials with more permanent brick and concrete a tank on the roof to collect rainwater electrical supply removal of rubbish local authorities offering grants and cheap loans sand-pipes are provided for water supply and sanitation possibly build health centres and schools legal ownership of land is granted
CASE STUDY OF SQUATTER SETTLEMENT: KIBERA
Between 800,000 and 1 million people live in the shanty town in an area of only 255 hectares
Population density is so high that people on;y have 1m3 each over 100,000 children are orphans due to high incidence of HIV homes are made of mud plastered over boards paths between houses = irregular, narrow + often have a ditch filled with sewage running down the middle of it rubbish litters the area - its not collected a standpipe may supply water for up to 40 families
SOLUTIONS:
Practical action, a british charity: low cost roofing tiles made from sand and clay adding lime and natural fibre to the soil to create blocks used for building that are cheaper than concrete
The united nations human settlement programme (UN habitat): affordable electricity to some parts of the slum at 300 Kenyan shillings per shack two main water pipes: one provided by the council one provided by the world bank improving sanitation is more difficult and progress is slow charities such as the Red Cross are supporting these improvements gap year students are encouraged to go to Kibera to help a 15 year project, run by the government and UN habitat, that began in 2003 plans to re-house 1000’s of residents of Kibera in the 1st year 700 families were re-housed in new blocks of flats with running water, toliets, showers and electricity residents have been involved in plans and funding of 650 million Kenyan shillings had been set aside for the first year
RAPID URBANISATION IN POORER PARTS OF THE WORLD:
WASTE DISPOSAL:
PROBLEMS:
a lot of waste is produced - for example in Shanghai 30,000 tonnes of waste is produced daily and in Dhaka 3,000 tonnes is produced daily it damages the environment - for example in Shanghai, the industry produces 70% of the country’s carbon dioxide emissions results in death - for example in Shanghai there are 400,000 deaths annually
SOLUTIONS:
In Brazil, two incinerators burn 7,500 tonnes of waste a day
In Shanghai, an effective solid waste disposal unit has been installed in most households and the waste is used as a fertiliser for local rural areas
Greenpeace believe that high-tech companies which create the problems are responsible for the waste created
ISSUES:
Children and adults can't scavenge for items they can reuse and resell
Aftermath of the Bhopal accident in 1984 - site was covered in toxic waste which couldn't be safely disposed of in India so had to be sent to the USA
Unsafe as would involve extracting dangerous chemicals from the waste equipment
AIR POLLUTION:
PROBLEMS:
Electronic waste is boiled, crushed and burnt, which releases toxic chemicals (e.g. cadmium and lead)
This causes severe health problems such as an increased level of lead in their blood
Poisonous gas in India escaped from a chemical plant and killed 3,000 people and also gave 50,000 a permanent disability
SOLUTIONS:
Cleaner, alternative sources of energy to reduce emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
Industries use low sulphur coal to try and reduce pollution
Improving public transport, limiting the amount of cars and congesting charging to try and discourage car owners from entering city centres
ISSUES:
Being given plentiful supplies of coal in china and india may introduce carbon tax
Greater monitoring and safety checks are essential to avoid disasters such as Bhopal
Limits need to be set and enforced on emissions and companies (e.g. transitional companies) must be monitored to ensure that emissions of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide are reduced
WARER POLLUTION:
PROBLEMS:
Ganges river in India contains untreated sewage, cremated remains, chemicals and disease - causing microbes
Cows wade in the river whilst people drink, clean and wash their laundry in it, spreading more disease
SOLUTIONS:
In 1986, the Ganga action plan introduced water treatment on the River Ganges in India
A world bank loan of $200 million was granted to improving the rivers Huangpu and Suzhou in Shanghai in 2002
ISSUES:
Limits relating to water pollution need to be identified and enforced if the quality is to be improved
With the Ganga action plan, the increasing population had not been taken into account and water quality has since deteriorated.