Ap Human Geography Ch 2 Outline

Human Geography Chapter 2 Outline
Where in the world do people live and why? * When geographers study population, we explain population traits across space. * Demography is the study of population * The US has an average of 81 people per square mile * This is misleading because the amount of population isn’t constant across an entire country (Nebraska vs. NYC) * 98% of Egypt’s population lives in 3% of the land

Physiologic Population Density * A countries physiologic (farmlands) density is greater than the arithmetic (average)density * India has much more arable land than China
Population Distribution * Population isn’t evenly distributed- 1/3 of the world population lives in china * Dot maps are often used to map population * Overpopulation- the status of not just the total number of people on Earth, but also the relationship between the number of people and the availability of resources. *
World Population Distribution and Density * Nearly two-thirds of the world’s population live in 4 main regions

East Asia * The most populated region is China and the surrounding area * One-fifth of world population —Five-sixths live in China alone
South Asia * The second most is in India and the surrounding areas * The Himalayas to the north and the desert to the west confine the population into this area * One-fifth of world population —Three-fourths live in India
Europe
* The area between Ireland and Great Britain is greatly populated * ‘dense’ populations are sometimes around physical barriers (mountains) * Many Europeans live in urban centers * These 3 alone (East Asia, South Asia and Europe) are 2/3 of the world's population * Approximately one-ninth of world population
North America * The cities between DC and Boston account for 20% on the US’s population * NYC pop- 5,309 per square mile, Mumbai, India- 76,820 * The cities of megalopolis account for more than 20% of the US population

Reliability of Population Data * Census data is very import- number of homeless varies the amount the city gets * Conducting a census that doesn’t miss anyone is nearly impossible- in 2000, the US is estimated to have missed 3.3 million people * In the late 1960’s Paul Ehrlich’s The Population Bomb said that the population was growing faster than the food supply

Why Do Populations Rise Or Fall In Particular Places? * In the late 1960’s Paul Ehrlich’s The Population Bomb said that the population was growing faster than the food supply * This isn’t true because neither him nor Malthus took globalization into account. * Even so, their ideas continued to attract followers.

Population Growth at World, Regional, National, and Local Scales * When examining population one must take scale into account- the population of one neighborhood could go up, and one stay the same in the same town, but it would appear that they both went up * You can’t find it with birth- death= population. You have to take immigration and emigration into account * Doubling rate has shortened up between 0010’s and 1970’s * The world is still producing more than it kills, but the rate is more slowed and way less dramatic

Population Growth at The Regional and National Scales * Different places experience different population changes * Disease can hinder a places population rise * In places with traditional men and women roles, the population rate is higher * Some South American countries are below the average rate * Cultural traditions influence rates of population growth * The more urbanized countries are, the lower the populations natural increase.
Population Growth at the Local Scale * India started controlling the population before the ‘population bomb’, when everyone started panicking * Indian government began having a forced sterilization of any man with 3 or more children * This practice eventually died out * In 2004 a state in India began trading gun licenses for sterilization

The Demographic Transition * Poorer countries tend to have a higher population rate * With the industrial revolution came longer life expectancies, and higher rates * During the bubonic plague, death rates exceeded birth rates * Famines limit population growth * The 2nd agricultural revolution upped the rates * In urban settings women delayed child- birth to go to school, work, etc

Future Population Growth * People predict that the population will stabilize eventually- (300 years?) * Predictions like this don’t work because people can predict chance- famine, illness, giant earth quake, etc. * Stationary Population Level: the world reaching its carrying capacity.
Why Does Population Composition Matter? * Maps often don’t show male/ female ratios and ages * Very important to the population rates * A population pyramid shows the male/ female ratios * The youngest age groups have the largest share of the pyramid and it gets less and less as a person ages.
How Does the Geography of Health Influence Population Dynamics?
Infant Mortality * IMR reflects a countries population * Infants and children often die from improper births and poor hygiene * Lowest among large populations: Japan 3/1000 * Race and ethnicity change their IMR * US has the 2nd highest newborn death rate in the world * 99% of newborn deaths occur in the poorer countries of the world * Crude birth rate- (CBR) total number of live births per every 1000 people per year.

Child Mortality * The child mortality rate remains high in places like Africa and Asia * In some countries, one in five children die between their first and fifth birthdays. * This is a really bad record for the 21st Century * Crude death rate- (CDR) total number of deaths per every 1000 people per year.

Life Expectancy * Women outlive men by 4 years- Europe, 3 years - Africa, 6 years - N. America, 7 years - S. America, 14 years - Russia * AIDS causes Africa to be below 40 in some places * Russia's life expectancy for men is 58 years and for females is 72 years. * Life expectancy- the average number of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels.

Influence on Health and Well-Being * Environmental factors change the life expectancy by changing the disease posed * There are many kinds of diseases: infectious, chronic, genetic, ect. * An endemic is when a disease overtakes one small region.
Infectious Diseases * Vectored- one animal carries it from person to person (malaria) * Malaria has killed more than any other disease in human history * Non-vectored- transmitted directly from person to person (cold)

Chronic and Genetic Diseases * Chronic disease are usually among the higher age levels and consist of heart problems, cancer and strokes * Some disease aren’t nearly as prominent now as 100 years ago

AIDS * Main problem- Africa (68%) * Symptoms take a while to show up, so people unwillingly spread it to others * 15 million AIDS orphans currently * Many children (often girls) are pulled out of school to help take care of relatives with AIDS * 99% of new cases within the last decade have been in LDC’s. * AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) has been the most lethal epidemic in years.

How Do Governments Affect Population Change * Government often alters the populations with things like laws (china) and incentives (tax breaks) * A providence in Russia holds ‘conception day’ * China’s one child plan reduced the rate, but also increased abortion and female infanticide

Limitations * Sweden gave tax cuts, leaves, and more flexible schedules to new parents * One woman suggested showing racier programs at night to increase the population rate
Contradictions
* Some of the lowest rates are in the roman catholic area- where birth control is against the rules * Muslim and Islamic cultures often have more children and higher birth rates