Ap Human Geography Chapter 27 Study Answers

Chapter 27 Study Guide
1. The process of industrialism threatened traditional and social hierarchies in both societies. In Russia, the aristocracy was threatened by the abolition of serfdom, the creation of regional zemstvoes, and reforms of the army. In Japan, the samurai were almost destroyed by the fall of the shogunate, the destruction of feudalism, and military reform. Both nations used territorial expansion as a means of mollifying the aristocracy and building support for the imperial government.
2. A move to industrialization was part of the process of change. In Russia, state support was vital, because it lacked a middle class and capital. A railway system was created in the 1870s. It reached the Pacific in the 1880s. Siberia was opened to development and increased Russian involvement in Asia. Under Count Wittle, the government passed
high tariffs, improved the banking system, and encouraged Western investment.
3. The forces that led to the revolution in Russia in 1905 were the continuing dissatisfaction of both peasants and landowners to the Emancipation Edict of 1861. The peasants were angry at the redemption payments they were expected to pay in return for the land they had received. The landowners were also unhappy with the terms of emancipation.
4. Japan adopted a Western-style army and navy. New banks were established to fund trade and provide investment capital. Railways and steam vessels improved national communications. Many old restrictions one commerce, such as guilds and internal tariffs, were removed.
5. Japan achieved sustained growth in per capita income through industrialization. The social capacity for importing and adapting foreign technology improved, and this contributed to a productivity growth.
6. Serfdom had increased steadily in Russia during 1815 to 1860 from the time of Ivan the Terrible. This system lasted until 1861, under Alexander II. After that Russia went through the period of reformation.
7. Russia’s peasant problem started because the peasants wanted land for themselves and left the military in protest. This destroyed the military machine that the Russian military had because most of the military was made up of peasants.
8. They were emancipated as a direct result of the Crimean War. The Russians were humiliated in the war, as the British and French were able to get their troops to the Crimea and to re-supply them quicker than the Russians were, and Crimea was Russian territory. Alexander realized that the reason Russia lost the war was because it did not have an industrial base, it had very few railway lines and their peasant army was poorly trained, equipped and motivated.
9. Alexander reformed many things about Russia. Socially, he freed the serfs. But they had to buy their freedom and many could not afford it. Economically he drew up plans for a massive investment in railways - (put in place under Alexander III). The emancipation, he hoped would lead to greater agricultural output, in order to finance the railways, and the beginnings of Russia's industrialization. Politically he instituted new provincial councils - zemstvos, and town councils, he also reformed the army & navy, along the British model.
10. Russia invested massively in railway systems. They created the emancipation which lead to a greater agricultural output, and also new textile factories, etc.
11. Russia has extremist groups arise that were hell-bent on overthrowing the government and starting their own. These people were called anarchists and they believed that Russia has no set authority and wanted to provide it themselves.
12. The direct cause was the abject failure of the Czar's military forces in the initially-popular Russo-Japanese War, which set off a series of revolutionary activities, sometimes by mutinous soldiers and at other times by revolutionary societies.
13. Russia expanded and tried to take the Balkans in an effort to acquire a warm water port. The Crimean War also took place resulting in the defeat of the Russians against the alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.
14. Life in Tokugawa Japan was strictly hierarchical with the population divided among four distinct classes: samurai, farmers, craftspeople, and traders. Prior to the Tokugawa period there was some movement among these classes, but the Tokugawa shoguns, intent upon maintaining their power and privilege, restricted this movement.
15.
Modern Japan's foreign policy was shaped at the outset by its need to reconcile its Asian identity with its desire for status and security in an international order dominated by the West.
16. Japan was better able to modernize because the government sent officials abroad to study western political institutions and economic organizations, so they got an idea of how the West really was. Plus, Japan had a smaller population to control over, so it was quicker and more efficient to modernize the people.
17. Domains were officially abolished, all feudal class privileges were ended, an army was formed, unified monetary and tax systems were established. All of these led to the success of Japan as a nation in the modern world.
18. Japan had many economic developments that gave Japan benefits in the wars it fought. It had new technology, weapons, etc. Many classes were abolished and new ones were formed.
19. Japan's success in modernization has created great interest in why and how it was able to adopt Western political, social, and economic institutions in so short a time. One answer is found in the Meiji Restoration
itself.
20. It was the era of the Meijj Restoration. Japan industrialized rapidly, funding industries and then selling them privately. It is during this time that the Russo Japanese War occurs, and the Russian navy is destroyed during the Battle of Tsushima. This allows Japan influence over Korea and northern China, where it invests in more of its industries.