Ap Us History Dbq Outline

October 11th
American Confederation- june and july of 1788 that leaders of cities would organize celebrations of ratification of the constitution
Benjamin Rush- social classes “forgot its claims” parades in Phil. and New York showed strong support
1788- strong support in urban environments; nations prospects were not promising (all americans 1790 3.9 million lived near Atlantic coast, large areas west of App. laid in native american hands, british had military outpost near great lakes, fears that spain could close port at new orleans to suffocate american commerce on mississippi) communication and transportation summer of 1788 were primitive, US was very rural, LESS than one america in 30 lived in places with 8,000 people or more
vast
territory and ethnicity
John Adams- “we have no americans in america” in 1783 the future for US seemed to be not well first written constitution- articles of confederation in 1777 would be ratified by states 4 years later; articles would seek to balance need for national; centralized power posed fear for liberty, resembled a treaty for mutual offense parts: 1. one house congress in which each state cast one vote; 2. no president to enforce or judiciary to interpret; 3. major decisions would require 9 states to agree; 4. powers given to national government by articles were essential for independence (power to declare war, conduct foreign affairs, alone can make treaties with other governments, this congress had no financial resources (could coin money and levy taxes; revenue came from contributions); 5. to amend or change the articles of confederation in any way everyone had to agree (all 13); 1781-1788 no amendments would receive approval from all states articles would make a energetic Gov.. impossible accomplishments: 1. national control of land west from the states northwest ordinance of 1787- call for establishment of 3 to 5 states north of the ohio river and east of mississippi; US would admit this population as equal members; territorial expansion; do 2 things- 1. assumed that an indians presence would disappear through anything; 2. slavery is prohibited both national Gov.. and country faced bad economic problems; borrowed large sums of money by large interest bonds and buying supplies with notes confederation unable to pay interest or debt; american ships were also finding trouble trading; markets are flooded, driving wages and draining money from country states would enact tariff duties, indebted farmers would press state Gov.. for relief from having their land taken away to increase currency, several states printed large sums of paper money with nothing to back it up others would enact laws postponing debt collection in late 1786- groups of debt farmers led by Daniel Shays would close down the courts in Western Massachusetts so creditors cant take people to court; participants in Shay’s rebellion received no sympathy from governor and Benjamin Lincoln would dispersed rebels in jan. 1787
Alexander Hamilton- proponent of energetic Gov..
Sept. 1786 delegates from 6 states would meet at Annapolis, Maryland to discuss interstate commerce; they would propose another in Philadelphia to Constitutional Convention (Thomas Jefferson and John Adams- gathering of men in ability, weight, and amendment was not present) among present were George Washington, George Mason, Benjamin Franklin most men present were born into property building families; all prosperous
1 in 10 of 1 percent of Americans attended college, fewer; more than half achieved this
22 served in army, shared social status and political experience; advocating for big government
James Madison- Virginia Plan- proposed: bicameral legislator, vote counts on population
New Jersey Plan: unicameral house, each state casts one vote
Compromise: each state has 2 members, lower houses based on population; senators chosen by state legislators for 6 year terms; representative elected by people every 2 years showed to be less democratic people would chose elite to represent state electors in Electoral College would chose by legislator or popular vote constitution would strengthen national authority, empowered congress to tax, to declare war, deal with foreign nations and promote general welfare also declared national legislation the supreme law of the land cant issue paper money, interfere with interstate commerce most day to day affairs remained in hands of the states slave and slavery do not appear in original constitution
Constitution did to slavery: prohibit congress from abolishing slave trade; require states to return to their owners fugitives who ran away; provided that 3/5 of slave population be counted as each states population for electoral votes and representation slave trade clause continued until 1808 jan. 1 1808, congress could take out international slave trade; between 1788- 1808 south carolina and georgia had imported 100,000 Africans (would represent one quarter all slaves who came in after 1700)
3/5 clause would allow whites to have greater power; greatly enhanced votes in southern colonies
9 states not 13 for ratification hamilton, madison would make Federalist Papers in 1788; would repeat that the Constitution protected rights; government was an expression of freedom, political tyranny became impossible due to Constitution
Anti-Federalists- insist that Constitution put too much power in Gov.., coherent leadership, Sam Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry

Oct. 13 anti-federalists- small farmers; saw no need for centralized Gov..; some denounce the document for its protection of slavery; powers of Congress were too broad; lack of Bill of Rights
Patrick Henry- absurd to not have Bill of Rights constitution supporters were men of substantial property anti-federalism- western Massachusetts, southern back country, hudson river in new york first 10 constitutional amendments in 1781- bill of rights
Madison- bill of rights was redundant
1st- freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly; 2nd- right to bear arms;9th- rights not in the constitution we retained by the people, etc. offer definition of unalienable rights written by jefferson
APRIL 30, 1789- New york city, washington was inaugurated as first president under constitution in Federal Hall; all 60 electors voted for him symbol of nation unity- washington whom was a republican
Washington selected these great men- John Adams- VP, Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton- Treasury, John Jay- Chief Justice
Hamilton’s plan’s concept- 1.establish financial stability; 2. bring government support of the country’s most financial interest; 3. encourage economic development his long term goal was to make the US a world major commercial and military power; his model was Great Britain puts 5 part program (hamilton)- 1. establish nations credit worthiness; create conditions that people can loan money from the government through bonds; he wants a lot of debt and for it to be paid off 2. calls for the creation of a new national debt; old bonds would be replaced by new interest barring bonds; stronger more economically secure government; 3. creation of a national bank ; model it on the bank of England; serve as nations main financial; hold public funds, issue bank notes, and loans to government; 4. raise revenue and propose a tax on whiskey; 5. issued “a report on manufactures”; delivers 1791 calls for imposition on a tariff (tax on imports) and offer government subsidies to build factories future in westward expansion was focus by Jefferson and Madison; goal was republic of independent farmers; greatest threat to american freedom was alliance with Gov.. with emerging class of capitalists dinner at 1790- southerners would except hamilton’s plan if capital was in south in 1789- all americans would welcome french revolution in 1793 the execution of the kind and aristocrats as war then broke out between france and great britain
Jefferson and Jeffersonians that the french revolution was victory of idea of self government washington and hamilton saw revolution as anarchy
British would seize american ships trading with the french; forced people off the ships and impress them as British
John Jay in 1794- Jay’s Treaty would create controversy- Britain would abandon outpost of western frontier and stop impressment on US ships; US would bring Britain favored treatment in trading; this would cancel the american-french alliance by mid 1790s- the Federalists and the Republicans were created in government as parties (first party system); both accused each other’s opposition in theory to destroy america; both claimed language of liberty
Federalists; supporters of Washington, Hamilton’s plan, and close connection to England- merchants, lawyers, political leaders (especially outside the south), farmers outlook would be elitist; society of fixed hierarchy; fear that spirit of liberty unleashed by revolution would become anarchy
Republicans; Madison and Jefferson; sympathetic to France and had more face in democratic self government; draw support of wealthy southern planters and ordinary farmers throughout the country; urban artisans drew in due to support of french revolution; far more critical for social and economic equality federalists; republics were french agents, traitors, and anarchist republics; monarchists to transfer government into a corrupt british more and more citizens would become more involved in government; pamphlets, papers, and meetings; rapid growth in american press; 100 papers to 260 during 1790s, 400 in 1810 democratic ferment of 1790s would inspire women’s rights
1792- Mary Wollstonecraft published “a vindication of the rights of women” inspired by Paine’s “rights of man”: rights of humanity shouldn't be confined to male line- access to education and employment for women; women ought to have representation in government; expansion of public sphere to read newspapers, hear orations, be in meetings where women new part of the body politic? until after the civil war, the word male would not appear in the constitution women would be counted fully when determining representation in Congress constitution’s use of “he” to describe office holders that it required defense; politics were the realm of men whiskey rebellion in Pennsylvania
1792- Washington won re-election, 4 years later he retires; in his farewell address he warned against party spirit and stay away from international party politics started fierce party competition; first presidential elections- John Adams (Thomas Pinckney as VP) for the federalists; Thomas Jefferson (Erin Burr for VP) for republicans
Adams carried all of New England, New York, New Jersey while Jefferson dominated in the South along with Pennsylvania
1797- John Adams would assume leadership of a divided nation; was disliked; one term presidency was beset with crises; dragged into European wars; right to trade non military goods with both Britain and France; both countries said no and both sides seized american ships
1797 american diplomats made treaty to replace an old alliance; French demanded bribes if they wanted to see them; known as the XYZ Affair would poison relations with France by 1798 the US and France were engaged in a quasi war in sea; US became military ally with Britain; Adams in 1800 would negotiated peace with France
1798- Alien Sedition Acts- naturalization act- extend from 5 years to 14 years for residency requirement to become a citizen; allowed deportation of someone abroad if dangerous; authorize prosecution of any public assembly critical of the government; oppression of editors could be prosecuted of any political comment; main target was republican press; failed to silence republican press; (act made by Federalists)
Virginia (free speech) (Madison) and Kentucky (states can nullify laws of congress that violated the constitution, states have rights to punish speech) (Jefferson) legislators approved resolutions that attacked Sedition Act as a violation of Constitution no other state would endorse these resolves in their own state houses; many americans were horrified by the state action

Oct. 20th by 1800- Republicans and Jefferson had developed techniques for mobilizing voters; pamphlets, newspapers, meetings
Federalists drew on a small group of elite men; they still dominated in New England; enjoyed support from Mid-Atlantic states
Jefferson triumphed in 1796 over John Adams; before assuming office Jefferson; republican elector failed to throw out his extra ballot and as a result Erin Burr and Jefferson both got 73 electoral votes and then thrown to House of Representatives; 1798 federalists enjoyed the majority; for 35 ballots, neither burr nor jefferson received enough votes; finally Alexander Hamilton would intervene
Congress would soon adopt the 12th Amendment; electors cast separate votes for president and vice president election of 1800; Burr engaged in plot to form a new nation in the west; Burr was sent to exile in England events in 1790 led to it that ordinary people have a right to participate in politics issue of slavery; Jefferson received all 41 electoral votes of South; always refer to victory as Revolution of 1800; wouldn't have been possible without slavery; if 3/5th of slaves were counted John Adams would have been re-elected issue of slavery would call for Emancipation; Benjamin Franklin 1787 was president in Penn. abolition society
Madison found right to slavery as an embarrassment; opposed Congress in 1793- Congress enacted federal and slave justice to facilitate the return of runaway slaves
Jeffersonians would react in horror in 1791 to slave rebellion led by Lei-Overture
Haiti in 1804
1800- an attempt at a real revolution by slaves in Virginia to gain freedom; organized by Gabriel and his brothers Solomon to march into Richmond; they killed inhabitants and hold the rest including James Monroe the Gov.. as hostage; ordered Quakers and methodists and French shouldn't be harmed; 26 slaves were hanged including Gabriel and others were taken out of state
Gabriel’s rebellion spoke the language of liberty; demonstrated that slaves possessed a love of freedom; Virginia should emancipate slaves as said by Tucker but the legislators tightened control over black population and restrict voluntarily freeing slaves without letting a legislator know; any slave free would be sold back into slavery or be exiled out of Virginia
Jefferson would assume office March 4th, 1801 capitals condition seemed to symbolize Jefferson’s intention to reduce national government in public life
Jeffersons inaugural address “every difference of opinion is not a difference of opinions, we are all federalists and all republicans”
Jefferson’s idea for government-1. economy in government, 2. unrestricted trade, 3.freedom of religion and press, 4. friendships to all nations but no alliances free to regulate own pursuits; slash spending for army and navy; abolish all taxes except the tariff; reduce government workers aimed to minimize federal power; policies ensured US would not become a European model greatest irony that Jefferson; Louisiana Purchase (Gulf of Mexico to Canada and Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains)- did not result in diplomacy but because of a rebellion among slaves; Napoleon's defeat by rebel slaves would create an opportunity for Jefferson to buy land to buy land; Jefferson was forced to stop convictions of federal government; Jefferson was at a loss
France got it back from Spain in 1800; Jefferson learned of arrangement about American access at port at New Orleans; right to trade through New Orleans was essential; Jefferson feared the French might interfere with American commerce; offered to purchase city of New Orleans, Napoleon would offer to sell Louisiana area for 15 million dollars; one of history’s greatest real estate bargain; would demonstrate that the US continued to be affected by events of the Atlantic world in the exchange Jefferson would double the size of the US by acting beyond the Constitution; country would remain virtuous if chiefly agricultural
Jefferson found it impossible to be drawn into wars of Europe; foreign relations would have him expand federal relations
Barbary states of northern coast of Africa a naval war received tribute (bribes) or many countries to not harass ships in 1801 Jefferson refused demands of Barbary states to ruler of Tripoli declared war on US when they did not receive enough money, until 1804 when the US won at Tripoli end of 1807 Britain seized of 6,000 American sailors with impressment
1807 in December Jefferson persuaded Congress to enact an embargo on US vessels sailing into foreign ports; Jefferson hoped it would stop impressment and harassment
1808- American exports would plummet by 80 percent in one year; France and Britain took no notice embargo would devastate economy of US port cities
Jefferson would leave office at his lowest point in his career; won re-election in 1806; 4 years later James Madison won embargo would be violated by Americans who relied on trade
1810 James Madison would enact Macon’s Bill number 2 which resumed trading; French would reinstate decree in neutrality and compressed on impressment of US sailors; Madison would reimpose embargo with Britain
Henry Clay- 1810 Speaker of House and Calhoun- War Hawks for defend honor of British insults; wanted to annex all of Canada; growing crisis between US and Britain
Indians refused to contribute to civilization programs; Jefferson tried to purchased indians land and encourage traders to pay indians government would continue settled farming among Indians; Benjamin Hawkins would encourage slavers to be given among Native American tribes by 1800 400,000 settlers would live west of Appalachian mountains; outnumbered remaining Indians; men of mixed ancestry would endorse federal policy of civilization views would infuriate natviaists who wanted to rule out white encroachment on the land
1800-1812- age of prophecy among the Indians; movements of Cherokee, Euroqouy and others
The Prophet and Teqanso called separation from Indians to whites; white people were the source of all evil in the world
James Madison would ask for declaration of war after more vessel harassment from Britain war of 1812 from New Jersey northward said no to way, the south and west was for the war expiration of 1811 of charter of bank; the government found it difficult to pay for the war; the national government would be bankrupt
1814- Britain defeated Napoleon and would invade the US and seized Washington and burned the White House and forced the government to flee the city war did not produce victories over western indians who sided with British
1813 Indian forces were defeated; 1814 army of americans under Andrew Jackson battle of horseshoe and then New Orleans putting over British invasion in January 1815 treaty of ghent- 1814- Jackson would build on that , call war of 1812 as war of independence

Oct. 25th
-both westward expansion and market expansion- Manifest Destiny- US had a mission to occupy entire continent of North America (John L.O. Sullivan) those who stood in way of Manifest were obstacles to progress of freedom westward expansion and ideas of freedom were linked- the west was the last home of the free born american in the west, land was more available with population and the price of land rising in the older states, the west held out the chance to achieve economic dependence
The Transcendentalist- privacy of individual judgement; individual self-reliance individualism- 1820s- a sovereign person should depend on no one but themselves
18th century thinkers saw no contradiction between self happiness and public good religious revivals- began in 19th century were organized by established religious leaders- in 1820s and 1830s this Second Awakening would democratized american christianity
1776- 2,000 ministers by 1845- jumped to 40,000 by 1840s- methodism with over 1,000,000 members became largest sec deism had been prominent; christianity become more centralized angelical ministers were against greed, self-fishiness- law of satan caused by market expansion angelical ministers held a control individualism; promote qualities for a successful new life in the market culture rights to compete for economical expansion market revolution would benefit numerous bankers, merchants, etc market revolution would produce new middle class; most were people staffing business; also created new opportunities for farmers to farm at home or abroad affected lives of all americans; not all benefitted- most blacks were slaves, and free blacks were excluded from new economic opportunities large number of free blacks experienced downward mobility most viewed free slaves as low wage competitors; hostility from white many women saw traditional roles changed due to mass produced goods women embraced new role that focused to create a private environment republican motherhood would evolve into a “cult of domesticity”- in this virtue was a personal, and moral quality that more associated with women; sexual innocence, dependent on men, frail women had power over personal affairs in family unit drop in birth rate from 7 children per women in 1800 to 4 in 1900 cult of domesticity- men would be rational, aggressive, domineering force/ women as nurturing, selfish, ruled by emotions (less fitted for public life); women naturally want to submit women couldn't compete freely for employment; only lowest paying jobs were available; couldn't sue in their own name; couldn't control their own wages until after civil war for farm families and poor- all members were important many women were domestic servants and factory workers market revolution was enhancement of own lives; some saw it as a loss of freedom
1812-1840- sharp economic downturn in year 1819; full depression in 1837; during these moments employment was irregular and numerous businesses would fail economic transportation could increase standards of living; growing cities would widen the gap between merchants and industrialists and the impoverished factory worker on the other top 1 percent held more wealth than the population combined in philadelphia through this era, bankruptcy was a common factor of life and men and women were is prison if they couldn't fill debts encourage new emphasis on individual and white men; new economic freedom for some, a loss for others

Oct. 27th
-3rd element is political democracy voting requirements would not expand until the civil war, not a single state that entered the union would not require ownership of property to be able to vote in older states, constitutional conventions reconsidered earlier restrictions by 1840 more than 90 percent of the adult white male population was eligible to vote political democratization would be foundation of america
Alexis Tocqueville, a french writer, returned home to produce “Democracy in America”- came to study american’s prison system but realized he had to understand democracy of america
Alexis’ key insight was that democracy was far more than a right to vote; it was the habit of the heart; 1. spurred on individual initiative 2. a belief in equality 3. led to an active public sphere that would be population by numerous volunteer would reinforce a sense of equality and separate those from who did not belong to the political nation in law voting was still a privilege rather than a right by 1830s Andrew Jackson’s presidency the axiom of the people ruling was accepted by american politics with the people at the core of america’s democracy; if you’re part of the nation you’re free democracy could absorb a native born white man and waves of immigrants yet it erected impenetrable boundaries tot he participation of women and non-white males market revolution and democracy would produce expansion in public sphere; years would witness a tremendous growth in publishing by 1830s, 1,000 of women would produce a new public present in writing most rabid radical Ralph Waldo Emerson was likely to be conservative in relation to the theories of marriage status of non-whites would fall into racial superiority and scientific underpinnings; would affect the boundaries of the political nation and the revolutionary area only VA, SC, and GA gave the right to votes to whites because the African American population was so large as late as 1800, no Norther states would bar blacks from voting; union after 1800 no northern states entering union besides Maine would limit right to vote for white men beginning with Kentucky in 1789 and Maryland 2 years later; states that allowed blacks to property qualifications would whites would be raised for blacks equivalent to 250 dollars federal government barred blacks from militia; in Illinois blacks couldn't attend public schools, be in militia, and go to court while white immigrants could vote, all blacks and slaves who lived their since their inception couldn't vote at all war of 1812, US and Britain fought to a draw; led to outburst of national pride; showed how far US was to becoming an integrated nation; US lacked a uniform currency and found it hard to raise funds; transportation was difficult
Republicans believed that infant industry deserve national protection
Jeffersonian belief insisted that agriculture must be helped with factory
James Madison would work for economic development with “The American System” by Henry Clay points: 1.
create new national bank; 2. opening and reopening of markets, raise tariffs on imported manufactured goods; 3. federal financing of roads and canals; 4. fear of disunity so let us bind the nation with better transportation with internal improvements, proved to be most controversial part of the program allowing governments to have powers not in constitution would be dangerous especially to the South; constitutional amendment would be necessary to built roads and canals second bank (or bus) of the united states was a privately held profit making corporation that served as the government financial agent; paying off debts, collecting taxes, etc. ensuring that paper money when issued by local banks had real value number of local banks risen to 200; promoted economical growth second bank would further justify a fever speculation ventures the resumption of trade would create a huge over seas market of grain and cotton stimulate the demands for loans; land boom is south with cotton kingdom in
1819 panic of 1819 would severely disrupt political harmony of nation; those suffering would ask government for assistance
1820 federalists would feel electoral tickets in 2 states and Monroe would carry the rest of the country; 2 terms of one party in government (Era of Good Feelings) in 1819 congress would consider a request from Missouri an area carved out of Louisiana to become a state of the Union; slave population was over 10,000 people
James Townmedge of New York would initiate a debate to give admission to Missouri if they didn’t import slaves and children of slaves had to become free at the age of 25; would spark 2 eras of controversy new compromise; 1.missouri would be authorized a constitution without restrictions of Townmedge; 2. Maine would be admitted into the US to maintain a sectional balance between slaves and non-slaves states; 3.slavery would be prohibited in all the remaining territory within the Louisiana Purchase north of the latitude 36,30 by 1820, New York had surpassed VA in population

Nov.1
John Quincy Adams dedicated to consolidating the power of the national government
Adams seized the opportunity between 1820-1822
1810-1822- Spain’s Latin colonies revolted and established a series of independent nations
1822- Monroe administration- extended diplomatic registration to latin
1823- Adams drafted a section of President’s annual address known as the Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine- 3 principles- 1. The US would oppose any further effort of colonization by European powers in the Americans- aimed at Spain, France, and Russia; 2. US would abstain in involvement in wars of Europe; 2. warn that European powers couldn't interfere with new Latin American nation states this would be cornerstone for America’s foreign policy- the US claimed power in the Western Hemisphere
1823- Latin American was major market for British goods- mining, banking, and commercial enterprise
Adams hoped that US would come to Britain economic role in the region of Latin America election of 1824- Andrew Jackson could only claim public support- not based on any political views but military victories in New Orleans and over the Creek and other Indians other candidates were John Quincy Adam, William H.
Crawford, and Henry Clay- New England and North concentrated in Adams support- south shouldn’t control government
Crawford- represent the south old republicans- south wanted states rights and limited government
Henry Clay- support in West (TN, Kentucky)
Jackson- 153,544 popular votes- carry all states in regions outside of New England with 4 candidates in the field, none received majority of electoral votes; went to House of Representatives, House voted as states
Henry Clay was fourth- threw support to John Quincy Adams- thought Jackson would be a threat
John Quincy Adams chose Henry Clay as secretary of state- charge of a corrupt bargain to get public office new system of political parties were risen- Jackson and Crawford would unite as the Democratic party system- determined to place Andrew Jackson in the White House in 1828- the Whigs
Adams had one of the most distinguished pre-presidential careers of any president- ambassador to many foreign countries senator of MA, witnessed Bunker Hill, casted a vote for Jefferson embargo national interest
over sectionalism
Monroe- only cabinet member to oppose reprimanding Andrew Jackson for violently entering Florida
1828- increase in tariffs
Jackson supporters would start in election of 1828 his campaign
Van Buron, senator from NY, would start to organize for Jackson takeover in 1828 political parties were necessary as said by Buron the competition would provide a check in power for others giving the voters a choice
1828- Van Buron established the Democratic Party- local and state party unites overlooked by a national organization
Jackson supported made few campaign promises- they depended on popularity
Jackson’s opponents condemned him as a murderer and his wife for marrying him before divorcing to another man by 1828- voters could choose presidential electors besides SC
Jackson won with 650,000 votes, carried the entire south and western portions and Penn.- universal male voting organized by a party could transform politics
Jackson’s vision of democracy did not include african americans and indians- suspicion of banks and paper money- share fears with americans that market revolution was the source of moral decay rather than progress politics became a part of Americans lives during Jacksons era politicians would be popular heros, with nicknames
Jackson- old hickory, Henry Clay- Harry of the West, Van Buron- the Magician
Democrats- worried about widening gap between classes, worried that non-producers were seeking to use connections to get unfair advantages government should have hands off policy for the economy, drew on businesses that resented the government’s support of large business and farmers that were supporters of national government

Whigs- united behind Henry Clay and James Madison’s American System- national banks, internal improvements could increase economical development, strongest in the northeast and rapidly expanding areas, farmers near rivers and canals and the rich that benefitted from the market revolution were supporters along with large slaveholders
Democrats- liberty was a private issue; secured by local government and endangered by national government; weak national government authority was essential to states rights and private freedom; kill national bank; reduce expenditures and tariffs; refused federal aid for internal improvements
1835- Jackson paid off national debt- considered individual morality was a private matter
Whigs- liberty and power enforced each other; liberty required a prosperous and moral good America; regulate economic development; all classes can share; reject that private life must be insulated from the public realm; building of schools and asylums;
Andrew Jackson left with many more principles than when he came in; 1st term dominated with federal over state law tariff of 1828- raised taxes on wool, iron; SC called it tariff of abomination and wanted to nullify the law; controlled by small group of southern planters
SC made a state constitution; gerrymandered districts to get more representation; John C. Calhoun was a theorists on Nullification; only rich could hold office his Exposition and Protest Nullification, national government had been created as a government between states that allowed states to not enforce federal laws
Jan 1830, the people not the states, declared Webster, created the constitution; union must be preserved
Calhoun became leading theorists in states’ rights

Nov. 3
-SC was against tariff because it gave their money to the manufactured north
John Calhoun defended nullification and denied that the principle of nullification would be a step towards disunion- only way to ensure a stable large diverse nation nullification would amount to nothing less than disunion
Jackson dismissed Calhoun’s nullification arguments
1832- new tariff a part of the tariff would be enacted but SC declared it null and void
Jackson took an army and navy to the coast of SC to collect dues
1833- tariff reduced tariff duties by Henry Clay
Calhoun abandoned democratic party for the Whig party with Henry Clay and Daniel Webster called the Great Triumvirate- all hate Jackson nullification crisis would underscore jackson’s commitment to the union last Indian resistance in northwest in 1832- local troops Sioux tribe attempted to reclaim lands in Illinois in 1820- Missouri forced Indians to leave states
Indian Removal Act of 1830- uproot/remove the 5 civilized tribes of southeast- Cherokee, seminal, Chickasaw, creek
Jefferson- Indians could be civilized
Cherokee took the lead- establishing schools, laws, and a constitution, becoming successful farmers with slaves
Jackson called Indians savages and supported Georgia effort to seize native lands and nullify the tribes’ laws
Cherokee nation vs GA- 1831- John Marshall describes Indians as wards of the federal government- not considered citizens
1832- Worcester vs. GA- Supreme Court would change mind on supremacy matters- Indians nations had state rights, handled by national government
Jackson refused to commit to validity of Worcester case one faction of tribe would give their land, but rest would adopt a policy of resistance federal soldiers removed Indians and during Van Buron herald 18,000 into stockades and force them to move west; one fourth would die in winter of 1848-49 called the Trail of Tears central political struggle during Jackson was presidents war on the bank of the US bank symbolized hopes and fears of market revolution expansion of banking helped economic development; others would distress bankers as slimy people and as non producers, but profited from the labor of others banks had the tendency to overissue paper money
Jackson believed that hard money (gold,silver) was the only honest currency
Nicholas Biddle- handed up the bank of US
1832- aristocrat said that his bank could destroy any state bank to the congressional convention; called a monster bank- set to expire in 1836
Jackson’s bank veto message- central document to his presidency- unacceptable for congress to create source of centralized power to government first president to use veto power as a weapon congress represented the will of the people reelection in 1932 over Henry Clay killed the second national bank first state bankers who wanted to free themselves from regulations make them want to print currency second group of hard money advocates opposed all banks state bankers won during jackson’s 2nd term remove all federal funds from the vault of the bank of US and put it in state banks
Jackson goes through 2 secretaries of treasurer; appointed Roger Taney as attorney general who carried out the order; after John Marshall died Taney became chief justice of the US without government deposits, the bank of the US loses all power to regulate state banks numerous labor unions emerged wages failed to keep pace with inflation- wages declined government would sell 20 million acres of land in 1836- all land was paid for with paper money in July 1836 the Jackson administration- specie circular pamphlet- government would only take hard money for land; at same time the bank of england demanded that US merchants pay creditors in gold or silver all events led to Panic of 1837- depression until 1843 prices feel by 25 percent, businesses failed, farmers couldn't make mortgage payments lost farms and land, urban workers lost jobs, labor union and strikes became impossible with too many people by 1842 9 states had gone bankrupt by 1840s states prevented them from borrowing money the depression was left to Martin Van Buron in 1836; hard money and anti-banking wing would come to power
1837- federal funds were removed even from pet banks; hold them in a treasurer department in Washington under control of government officials
1840- congress approved this policy; would separate federal government from america’s banking system
1841- repealed by Whigs when they come to power; 1846- reinstate made federal funds available when pendulum swings back in 1836 advocates to state sovereign would come back to democratic party including John Calhoun
Martin Van Buron found it without Jackson’s popularity, he couldn't hold the democratic party together
Whigs- William Henry Harrison was nominated over Henry Clay- promoted him as a log cabin candidate; champion of common man; Whigs announced Van Buron as an aristocrat
John Tyler- democrat- was Harrison’s running mate; Tyler joined the Whigs after nullification and didn’t follow Calhoun to democrats by 1840, the mass democratic politics looked more and more like the new market place; selling of candidates and their images was important just as their positions with two highly organized parties crated by Van Buron; voter turn out was 80 percent
Harrison won a sweeping victory with John Tyler; Harrison dies and John Tyler takes his place; Tyler vetoed every measure of the American System including a higher tariff and national bank most of Tyler’s cabinet would resign and protest; his party as a whole would repudiate him
Whigs newspapers called Tyler “his accidency” or “the executive ass” his four years in office we devoid of any accomplishment; his lack of success would show that political parties have become essential for political success

Nov.8th no american rose more dramatically than Frederick Douglas; born into slavery 1818, gave meaning for African americans to now be free; slavery was already an old institution when he was born; 2 centuries had past
Mason-Dixon line; maryland and penn. state line first 30 years of Douglas life; economic importance grew; slave population risen to 4 million in the South, slaves would make one third of total population in DEEP south, western GA, ALABAMA, Mississippi- slaves would make half of population
Arkansas and Eastern TX opened to slavery
1860- one third of nations cotton crop was grown in the Mississippi old south regionally and nationally was the largest and most powerful slave society; strength rested on monopoly of cotton (white gold) cotton had become the most important commodity in international trade- cotton is king
3/4th of worlds cotton supply came from the south textile manufacturers in Mass., Normandy, Moscow, Great Britain all depending on American cotton
1803- cotton became most important economic American export cotton sales early brought money from abroad that allowed US to pay for imported manufactured goods in 1860- money investment for slaves itself would exceed nations money invested in factories, railroads, and banks combined slavery would shape lives of all americans; determine where americans lived, how they worked, and under what conditions they could practice their freedom northerns would participate in slavery and use its profit northern bankers would finance cotton plantations lords of the loom- new england factory owners- relied on the lord of the lash (slave owners) brooks brothers would supply cheap fabric to cloth the south slaves to make a profit slavery would lead south down a different economic path than the north limiting the growth of industry, inhibiting technological progress, and refusing immigrants southern bank were used to finance plantations and lend money for land and slaves only city of any significant size would be New Orleans
James Henry Hammond of SC would declare “no power on earth dares to make war upon it (south), why? because cotton is king”
3 out of 4 white families owned NO slave in the south most small white farmers would live outside the cotton belt; north alabama and north georgia is where they lived (hilly places) many southern farmers lived in economic self-sufficiency; raise livestock in marginal lands were often poor in Appalachian; not till 19th century that railroads and coal mining industries would allow regions to integrate into the market economy
Andrew Johnson and Joseph Brown- spokesmen of common man against Southern slave-ocracy most small farmers believed personal freedom rested on slavery civil war clashed tension in civil war amongst whites
1850- slave-holding families (majority) had 5 or fewer less than 40,000 families would posses 20 or more slaves to be considered a planter fewer than 2,000 families owned 100 or more slaves plantation was “a little nation within itself...” - Frederick Douglas slavery was a profit making system and owners kept an eye on world products, invested in canals, banks, and railroads would create a hieratic-al where slave holding gentlemen took personal responsibility for their well-being; Paternalism is what this is called
1808- closing of African slave trade southern slave holders lived on plantation with year around contact with slaves; mask and justify the brutal reality of slavery and its values as a whole dominant conception of a good society would diverge more sharply from the North in South, upper and lower classes of whites- men to defend own reputation white southern women were confined within a domestic circle plantation mistress would complain of isolation and loneliness
30 years before the civil war- criticism of slavery would deepen; pro slavery would dominate southern life; necessary evil most slave holders would also find legitimacy of slavery in the bible slavery was essential for human progress to take place based on ancient republics of greece and rome prevented growth of a class doomed to unskilled labor; slavery for blacks was the surest guaranteed for white dominance
1830s- pro slavery ideal logs would begin to question ideal of liberty, equality
SC- would become home to aggressive defense of slavery sectional controversy would come as slavery was defended less as quality of whites than about society after 1830 southern writers, clergy men, and politicians devoted to defend slavery majority of white southerns believed that freedom for whites was invested in power to enslave blacks richmond- freedom is not possible without slavery for slaves- life was in toil, brutal punishment, and family would be destroyed by sale; slaves were property in most parts of south- cant testify against whites, sign contracts, acquire property, hold fire arms, have private meetings unless whites were present, couldn't leave farms or plantations without permission
1830- illegal to teach slaves how to read or write
1860- 90 percent slaves were illiterate food supplies and wild game would be abundant in South- slaves could supplement food supply with raising own chicken or vegetables compared with counterparts in west indies; american slaves held better diets, lower infant mortalities, and longer life expectancies rising price of slaves after closing of slave trade- made economic sense to worry about health of slaves; blacks who did enjoy freedom (half a million of free blacks) would live in the US; majority lived in South; most were descendants of slaves freed by southern owners or by gradual emancipation laws in northern states or allowed to purchase freedom or runaways who were successful word free would take new meaning; whites would define freedom by distance from slavery; free blacks could not vote- in south free blacks could own property but had many restrictions that affected them; free blacks were prohibited from owning dogs, firearms, liquor, could not testify in court, could not serve in juries, and carry a certificate of freedom at all times to prove their freedom

Nov.10th
- slavery would function from sun up to first dark with brief interruptions large plantations were diversified communities including 1 butler, 2 waitresses, 10 carpenters, etc slaves cut wood, iron and coal mines, lay railroad tracks, build forts and public buildings southern cities- thousands of slaves were skilled artisans and unskilled laborers many farmers and manufacturers rented a slaves if they did not own one majority- 75 percent or women and 90 percent of men worked in fields; varied by crop and land holding largest concentration worked in cotton belt where slaves worked in gangs with an overseer
2 labor systems in south- 1. large gang labor system- conditions were harsh in Louisiana; round clock labor (sugar cane); sun up to sun down thats monitored with large group of people; 2. Georgia and SC rice plantations- task labor- few whites in swamps; slaves assigned daily tasks and allowed own pace of work; free time if work is finished; slave owners had means to persuade them to work productively system of slavery rested on force; rare was the slave would did not experience an whipping- minor wrongs could be ended with a lash owners encouraged divisions among slaves; system of incentives (time off and money payments) most powerful weapon was threat of sale slaves never abandoned their desire for freedom and determination to stop whites from running their lives cultures centered on family and church; slave culture came from african heritage- music, dance, style of religion, herbs to cure disease most slaves in US were american born; black culture was shaped by african traditions and american values and experiences center of slave community was institution of family; sugar plantations (more males than females, settled family life was impossible)
US- population grew by natural increase- even sex ratio making family life possible laws did not recognized the legality of slave marriages; families broken by sale; most adult slaves would marry and unions would last a lifetime slaves named children after relatives; did not marry cousins domestic slave trade expanded from cotton; one slave marriage in three within slaves in selling states (VA, NC, Maryland) would be broken by sale; fear of sale would permeate slave life in selling states fraternalism- some owners would encourage slaves to marry; some were unaware of marriages
19th century (first half)- divided slaves by 1 year (whites was 5 years); past 10 years old- able to work; gender roles under slavery would differ from white; slave men and women had equality of powerlessness frequent occurrent of sexual abuse women washed, sowed while men fished, etc. family unit would be central to slave community- transmission of values and traditions and survival techniques distinct version of Christianity- some blacks had taken part in Great Awakening; Second Great Awakening; laws prohibited blacks from meeting but every plantation had their own black preacher urban free blacks made their own churches; christianity led to social control slaves identified themselves as chosen people from god: figure of Jesus as a personal redeemer slave culture rested on conviction of unjustness of bondage; “flimsy nonsense” about slavery movement by Frederick Douglass folk tales; religious songs spoke of sorrow while holding out hope; slaves could only show their want for freedom by rebellion day to day resistance- avoiding work, breaking tools, abusing animals, and disrupting daily routines; also theft of food serious resistance- arson, poisoning, armed assault; even more threatening would be slaves running away
North was a haven for freedom; or lived in upper south such as VA- 1,000 a year were successful
Frederick Douglas escaped at age 20
Harriet Tubman escaped to Phil. in 1849- she risked her life making 20 trips into Maryland to lead other slaves into freedom
1839- Armistice- Martin Van Buron favored putting slaves on boat and sending them back to Cuba; brought to Supreme Court where John Quincy Adams that they were sent over illegally and thus captives should be free- court accepted Adam’s argument and they were sent back to Africa as free people (*had no bearing on US slave system, it was an international case, but it inspired a similar uprising in 1841 when 135 slaves were sent from Norfolk to New Orleans; try to seize control of their ship called the Creole- Madison Washington was the leader (British gave refuge to captives)) resistance to slavery were outright rebellion- within 31 years- four largest rebellions- 1. Gabriel’s Rebellion in 1800- A VA slave was followed 11 years later by an uprising in sugar plantations in New Orleans; 2. Sugar Rebellion- Louisiana in 1811, 200-500 men and women armed with implements they used to cut the sugar along with clubs and guns and marched to New Orleans to destroy property- white population fled and within 2 days after the militia met up with rebels and principal leaders were executed; 3. 1822- Denmark Vesey- slave in Charleston purchased freedom winning a lottery- conspiracy with african and american influence- pour over newspapers reports over Missouri Compromise (said that all men had equal rights)- plot was discovered- evidence is contradictory and dispute and much comes as a series of trials and failed to allow the accuse to testify- “slaves are not entitled to rights” - in the end 35 slaves and free blacks were executed and banished from state; 4. Nat Turner- slave in South Hampton County VA- God chose him to lead uprising- seeing black and white angels fighting in sky with blood- July 4, 1831 for rebellion but he was sick so waited for August 22nd- Turner and followers marched from farm to farm assaulting white inhabitants (mostly women and children)- 80 slaves had gathered by the time the came- some 60 whites were killed- Turner was captured and 7 other rebels and condemned to die- when asked if he regretted what he done “was Christ not crucified?” (this was the largest rebellion scale in Southern history)- sent shockwaves throughout the South- 100 of slaves were whipped and others were executed because of Turner’s rebellion- whites became nervous and “freaked out” new laws prohibited blacks from being preachers, strengthen militia, and blacks could not own firearms and stopped blacks from learning to read- other states followed
Parliament abolished slavey in 1838- Turner’s rebellion after William Lyod Garrison’s “The Liberator”- some states made abolitionist a criminal offense
Southern societies would close ranks in the defense of slavery

Nov. 15
-1841- ralph Waldo emerson- “in history of world, doctrine of reform had never had such hope as in this hour”
- reform impulse would be part of proliferation of voluntary groups organizations to stop use of liquor expand public education, uplift conditions of waged laborers all groups worked to convert public opinion to their cause; published pamphlets peace, temperance, women’s rights- criss-cross over atlantic to promote cause opponents of the “demon rum” would seek to use government to force sinners to change their ways
1800-1860- 100 reform communities; called utopian- some subject to iron discipline while others were in a democratic fashion secular desire to counteract social and economic changes as the market revolution- all communities hoped to restore social harmony socialism and communism- meaning social organizations (property owned by community)- these would enter american language some Utopias prohibited any sexual relations; others allowed to change partners at will religious communities attract those who sought a retreat from society permeated with sin
Mother Ann Lee- christ directed her to get followers and her to america
God was both male and female; Shakers numbers would grow adopting orphans
Robert Owen- British factory owner- by segregation of workers in industrial revolution- new lanark in scotland with strict rules and comfortable housing with free education for workers
1815- 1500 employees made it largest cotton manufacturing center in the world communitarianism as a peaceful mean that workers get full value of their labor
1824- robert purchased Harmony community in Indiana- established New Harmony- hope to create a “new moral world” and children were removed from care of parents at an early age to be educated in schools
Owens defended women's rights- at new harmony- women would no longer be “enslaved”
Warren discovered at Utopia, Ohio and Modern Times, New York- made unregulated involuntary settlements in an attempt to solve labor problem- Warren marriage was voluntary- freedom would mean allowing each individual to be sovereign in their own life drinkers aren't considered free- “chained to alcohol” second great awakening- movement of revivalist preachers- preaching that God created man as a free moral agent revival of second great awakening would popularize an outlook known as perfectionism- in this, preachers preach the idea of free moral agency and creating a better world; indefinite improvement; ohio and new york known as burned over districts older reform movements would move into new movements; temperance- remove alcohol completely- direct efforts to redeem those who get drunk and social drinkers by 1840s- drinkers had fallen to half of decade earlier taverns were popular meeting places and became sights of drinking, political discussions, and popular recreation american catholics- numbers growing- hostile to reform impulse tension between liberation and control- crime in colonial america was whipping, fines, or banishment
1830s and 1840s- institution building (jails for criminals, poorhouses for destitute, asylum for insane, orphanages) prisons and asylums became overcrowded school reform- Horace Mann- Mass. lawyers and Whig politician- director of Mass. state board education- leading educational reformer- annual reports read widely man embraced new industrial order education would “equalize the conditions of men”- social advancement these views were also shared with labor movement: at the same time man argued that school can restore social balance; character building was also important- schools silent curriculum- would be training grounds for individuals encounter opposition from parents who did not want to send children every northern state by 1860 established a tax based school system created first career opportunities for women who dominate this profession south- illiterate africans were viewed as dangerous- elite planters did not want to tax themselves to educate children of poor farmers

Nov.17 activism in america- abolitionism and feminism greatest evil first to attract least attention from 19th century thinkers only Quakers would try to stop slavery- after anti-slavery impulse spawned by revolution, the question of slavery faded from national life before 1830s- white americans always called for abolitionism with a colonization of free slaves; 1. gradual or immediate and then deportation of free slaves to africa, Caribbean, or central america
1816- propionates found American Colonization Society- promote abolition of slavery and established Liberia on coast of West Africa as an outpost of abolition many northerners seek colonization and southerners spent energy to get freed blacks to go slavery and racism were imbedded in american life- believed blacks couldn't achieve equality if freed- america should be a fundamentally white society many blacks went to liberia either after freed or voluntarily
3,000 free blacks came to Philadelphia in 1817 for a convention to explain their freedom- black organization removed african from their titles to take away reasoning to be deported a new generation of reformers would reject a traditional approach of and demanded abolition immediately once free, should be incorporated as citizens of the republic rather than be deported spirit of abolition came in 1829- appearance of “an appeal to the color citizens of the world” by david walker- free black man born in NC and operated a clothing store in Boston
Walkers work- called on blacks to mobilize (by force if necessary) for abolition; warn whites that the nation faced Devine punishment if it did not amend its sinful ways; take pride in african and being a part of america some southern states placed a price on walker’s head by state legislatures by 1830- David Walker died mysteriously walker’s work led to a movement that kept going after his death
1831- William Lloyd Garrison wrote The Liberator- new breed of abolitionism this movement expanded rapidly throughout the north where anti-slavery leaders took advantage of literacy and print technology; ministers of second great awakening recognized production of material steam press to produce many written works to spread their cause of anti-slavery
1833- A.A.S. public opinion in rising democracy, focused efforts on awakening nation of moral evil of slavery; provocative to get public attention reinforce and challenge common understandings of freedom in Jacksonian america free labor could change jobs, accumulate property, and have family life slavery takes away right of self ownership insist that right to personal freedom would take precedence over other forms of freedom garrison burned US constitution called it a covenant with satan
Harriet Beecher Stowe “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” greatest oration for abolition in 1852 by Frederick Douglas after an independence day posing this question “what to this life is the fourth of july? the fourth of july festivity revealed that hypocrisy that a nation who claimed its belief daily practices more shocking more bloody than any other country on the earth.” northern women joined movement by thousands for abolition public sphere was open to women in ways politicians were not long before they could vote, women made petitions, had meetings, made speeches, and had parades
Dorothy Dix- advocate for more humane treatment of the insane; 28 states constructed mental hospitals before the civil war
Female Moral Reform Society of New York- redeem prostitutes by 1840, FMRS had been replicated in many societies
Angelina and Sarah Grimke had been converted to Quakerism and then abolitionism during 1830s they gave lectures from the slavery perspective of white women; first to apply abolitionist doctrine and universal equality to women
Katherine Beecher reprimanded the Grimke sisters; urging other women to accept the fact that heaven designated men more superior than women
Seneca Falls Convention of 1848- Stanton and Mott- in upstate New York- gathering on behalf of rights of women- The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments would add to Jefferson’s speech that all men AND WOMEN are created equal
Declaration of Sentiments advocating- after the vote; 1.suffrage; 2.condemn structure of inequality that denied education and employment; 3.attack right of husbands control over property, wages, and custody of children; 4. depriving women of independent legal status once married;5. attack that women stay in home as sphere of action many MIDDLE CLASS women would anger over restrictions to exercise freedom women turned to another popular idea of freedom; self ownership

Nov.29
- slavery would take center stage in 1840s in politics because of American expansion westward
- by 1840- indian removal in southeast complete- all land east of mississippi would be in white hands depression in 1837 would spark a large migration further west- between 1840-1845 some 5,000 immigrants would make journey 2,000 miles by wagon train to Oregon by 1860 nearly 300,000 people braved disease, starvation, and the Rockies with occasional indian attacks during most of 1840- the US and Great Britain
Utah was still part of Mexico in 1840s; national boundaries meant little when Mexico received independence from Spain in 1821, the Mexican territory would be almost as large as the US; 2/3 in population of the US
California, Texas, etc would be isolated parts of Mexico first part of Mexico to be settled by Americans would be Texas (non-Indian population) of Spanish origin in order to develop the region, the government of Mexico would accept Moses Austin, a Connecticut farmer, to colonize Texas with Americans
1820- Austin received a large land grant and his son Steven Austin would continue his plan to sell plots of land to Americans for 12 cents an acre after Moses’ death
1830- population of Americans in Texas was 7,000 portion of tiny elite would join with Austin to gain autonomy in Texas for Americans local authorities had bypassed Mexico city and to bring slaves as property to Texas
Mexico said no slavery- American rebels would make additional government in Texas
March 13, 1836- Santaana’s army went to the Alamo killing 187 Americans and defenders
Sam Houston would route Santaanas army and force him to recognize Texas independence
Lone Star republic-1837 after the Texas congress would call for a union with the US attempt to add another slave state into the Union- Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buron would shell the question and ignore it; settlers poured into Texas with slaves; 1845- population was 150,000
Texas annexation would be on political back burner
John Tyler tried to secure southern support by looking into the Texas issue; in April of that year, John C. Calhoun wrote a letter that leaked to the press to absorb Texas into the US to straighten slavery as an institution of the US- later that month Henry Clay and Martin Van Buron (the perspective Whig and Democratic) would get together to issue letters rejecting annexation of Texas not on slavery but about war
James K. Polk- 1844- nominated due to the letters becoming a disaster defeated Clay in a close election
March 1845- the US Congress declared Texas as part of the US
James K. Polk assumed presidency with defined goals; 1. reduce tariff-2. re-establish an independent treasury-3. settle dispute over Oregon with England-4. bring California into the Union
Congress enacted first two goals; the third divided Oregon at the 49th parallel
California would be difficult- Polk established series of delegations to purchase but they refused to negotiate and so Polk decided to take military action
April of 1846 American soldiers under the leadership of Zachary Taylor would move into the region between the Rio Grande and the Nooses River; action would make conflict with Mexican forces inevitable- wanted Mexicans to strike first when fighting broke out, Polk claimed Mexican “shed blood on American soil” (not exactly true)
Mexican war would be first American conflict fought on foreign soil inspired by Manifest Destiny, Americans supported the war the administrations real aim was to gain new land for slavery, took place in central Mexico
Feb. 1848- Treaty of Guadalupehidalgo- 1. confirm the annexation of Texas; 2. cede California and present day New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona (Four Corners) into the US in exchange the US would give Mexico 15 million dollars- this cession would establish territories
15,000 people in California- 10 times more people would head to Oregon in JAnuary 1848 when gold is discovered in foot hills of Sierra Nevada; be fanned throughout the world
10,000 to 200,000 in 1852 in California as a result of the gold rush the Gold Rush population would be diverse- miners in mexico, south america, many americans, and overseas came irish, german, italian, and australian; also 1849-1852 held chinese immigrants
San Francisco- 1,000 people in 1848- gateway to El Dorado by 1850 had 30,000 residents; most diverse city most migrants would be young men gold rush for indians would proved to be disastrous; gold seekers overran indian communities; people murdered local indians to get gold; thousands more would be declared orphans by local courts and be sent to mines for labor; indian population declined from 50,000 to 30,000 victory over Mexico would add over 1,000,000 square miles in the US question in 1850 and explodes in 1860 is where slavery will go events soon confirmed was Ralph Waldo Emerson- US will be as the man who swallows arsoning, Mexico will poison us if we take Mexican territory by 1846 status of slavery in states had been settled
David Wilmot- resolution to prohibit slavery in all Mexican territory the US obtained- Wilmot Resolution- passed house of representatives, but it failed in the US senate (south was greatly against) party leaders led to resolve disputes in slavery sections
1850- California is asking to be admitted as a free state in the Union- southerners opposed; now Henry Clay offered a plan
Compromise of 1850- 1. California would enter Union as free state; 2. slave trade would be abolished in nation’s capital; 3. new law would allow southerners to reclaim runaway slaves; 4. status of slavery in territories of Mexico would be left to the decision of local white inhabitants

Dec.1 compromise of 1850- Daniel Webster- willingness for a Wilmot Provision and accept a fugitive slave law if it was the price for sectional peace
John C Calhoun (SC)- too ill to deliver any speech at this time- said no compromise however- slavery should be protected by government and extended to all territory in the US
North yielded to the South or the Union would die- William H Seward would also oppose the compromise law of morality (Seward) to the South for slavery
President Zachary Taylor, a strong nationalist, alarmed by talk of disunion, accuse Southern leaders in Congress of upholding on California to their own legislative aims; just admit California; however, Taylor died on July 9, 1850 his successor Millard Fillmore of NY would throw support behind Henry Clay federal marshals could find an african in Boston and could not testify is accused of being a runaway slave in North, fugitives and freed blacks left the US in fear and go to Canada
1852 presidential election- Franklin Pierce- recognized compromise as final settlement of slave controversy (255 electoral votes) administration was a disaster- collapse of american party system- 1854 it would crumble to sectionalism
Steven A Douglas of Illinois- in 1854 introduced a bill- provide territorial government for Kansas and Nebraska; by 1854- Calhoun, Clay, and Webster were dead
Douglas was leader of US Senate- western development- transcontinental railroad could be constructed through Kansas or Nebraska; Southerns in congress seemed adamant to let these free territories
Douglas hoped to satisfy the south by using popular sovereignty- local settlers decided on status of slavery- embodied idea of local self government democratic party could unite and run for presidency in 1856
Kansas-Nebraska bill became law, but it shattered the democratic party
Whig party collapsed- south became a democratic stronghold northern whigs joined a new political sect- the republican party to prevent the expansion of slavery completion of market revolution and massive waves of immigrants from europe
1860- North had become a complex economy with eastern industrialist to commerce farmers in the west majority in North lived in rural areas and small towns majority of work force worked not in agriculture but
New York in 1860 became commercial, manufacturing, and industrial capital southern economy was growing with cotton to bring wealth to southern slave holders by 1856 the republican party, a coalition, on anti-slavery democrats, free-soilers (any territory should be free) and know-nothings (hated anyone who wasn't white) would all pull together in republican party free-labor outlook helps to explain republicans rapid rise to prominence
1855-1856 would fuel party’s growth may 1856, in kansas, a pro slavery mob attacked a free-soil strong hold in kansas, burning building and pillaging private homes south carolina’s representative Preston Brooks would beat over the head the antislavery senator Charles Sumner after talking about the crimes against Kansas
John C Fremont would draft a platform that oppose further expansion of slavery democrats nominated James Buchanan, platform endorsed popular sovereignty as the only solution to slavery
1856- election- party were aligning on sectional lines
1830s- Dred Scott accompanied his owner from Missouri to Illinois; traveled to Wisconsin territory with his owner, after returning, Scott sued for his freedom claiming that his residence on free soil had made him free- Dred Scott decision would be announced in March of 1857- justices would address 3 questions- 1. could a black person be a citizen and bring a law suit in federal court?; 2. did residence in a free state make Scott free?; 3. did Congress posses the power to prohibit slavery in a territory? chief justice Roger B Taney declare that only white people could be citizens in the US, the nations founders believed that blacks “had no rights which the white man was bound to respect”-blacks could never be part of the nation’s political family
Taney pressed on majority opinion- Scott would remain a slave, Illinois law had no affect on him, Congress had no power under the US Constitution to bar slavery from a territory
Missouri Compromise- repealed by Kansas-Nebraska act recently- Taney said that this had been unconstitutional all along and so was any measure to interfere to bring slaves out of southern territory- also undermined Steven Douglas’ popular sovereignty
1858- election campaigns- senate campaign- Douglas faced a challenged from Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln served 4 terms as a Whig, 1 term in Congress
Kansas-Nebraska act drew Lincoln back into politics- house divided against itself cannot stand
Lincoln insisted a moral indifference with popular sovereignty
Lincoln- Douglas debates- 7 Illinois towns- clashing definitions of freedom- Lincoln- opposition to slavery, rekindle spirit of founding fathers; Douglas- essence of freedom lay in local self-government; popular sovereignty was not incapable with Dred Scott case
Steven Douglas would emerge
1850s- armed assault by abolitionist of John Brown- Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
Brown had a long career in anti-slavery activities; May 1856- Brown and followers would murder 5 proslavery locals at Pottawatomie- next 2 years he would travel to raise funds for a war against slavery
Oct.16, 1859- 21 men, 7 black, Brown would seize Harpers Ferry, a US military arsenal; most were killed and captured by Robert E. Lee
VA government pleaded Brown executed, became first martyr for abolitionist movement sizable group of Southerns found it better outside the Union than inside sky high price of slaves for many planters to become planters in their own right many white Southerns felt that opportunity was eroding- liberty as they knew it was under assault southerns feel deeper and deeper into debt; accepting slavery in the north to stay in the union a salve empire by ringing the caribbean and west indies, central american, and mexico late 1850s- southern leaders were bending every effort to straighten bonds of slavery
1860- South- “slavery is our king, slavery is our truth, slavery is our divine right”

Dec.3 democratic convention of 1860- 7 slave state delegates walked out
1860- neither northern nor southern democrats did not trust each other
1860 election- sectional character- Lincoln had North with 1.8 million votes; 40 percent of national total, 180 electoral votes; Breckinridge had most slave states leaving Douglas Missouri slave owners feared republican efforts to move to South deep South political leaders struck for political independence cotton kingdom states succeeded from the US- first was South Carolina
December 20, 1860- legislature of SC voted unanimously to leave the Union adopted a constitution and chose Jefferson Davis as the president of the Confederation serving a 6 year term
March 4, 1861- Lincoln’s inauguration address- reject right of succession and deny any intention of interfering with slavery in the states; would promise to hold federal property within the succeeding states- “in your hands my dissatisfied countrymen and not in mine is the momentous issue of a civil war”
Fort Sumter- 1861- Union troops maintained in the harbor; days earlier Lincoln notified SC governor; viewing it as an affront the SC governor hoping to wave an upper south to join the confederacy, Jefferson Davis and the SC governor would order batteries to fire upon Fort Sumter; days later Lincoln would claim days later that an insurrection existed in portions of the South calling for troops to suppress them

Dec.6
North- 1860- 22 million; 9 million in Confederacy (3.3 to 4 million were slaves)
Union- had to restore a Union by invading the South
South had stride to fight both sides resorted to a military draft; Confederacy in 1862 passed the first draft law in American history over 900,000 in Confederate evolution of freedom- southern rights meant mastership
US remained during the war a federal republic with sovereignty divided among the nation and the states war made new self consciousness- an increasing use of the word nation by 1863- word union did not appear in Lincoln’s address, however, he used nation 5 times
Homestead Act- given acres for free to those moving to west college grant act- agriculture
Emancipation Proclamation- most powerful documents in the war although it did not liberate all of the slaves; exempt areas under union control majority of south slaves should be free under proclamation; their liberation had to await Union victory
Omaha, Nebraska to San Francisco- national markets, harold dunes of plain Indians, ... for many northern women- took advantage of labor shortage suffrage movement would suspend its operation to devote itself to the Union and emancipation
Mary Livermore- tour military hospital to access needs and care to dying soldiers and worked for sanitary fairs july 1863- introduction of draft provoked a 4 day long riot under Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy became a more centralized government than the old South as the war progressed social change and internal turmoil affected the confederate states; “we are fighting against the tyrants of the north who are termed to destroy slavery” south found itself increasingly divided by: the draft shortages arrived, slaves decreased, railroads, plantations, and farms were in ruins; economic crisis which stood before the North’s boom confederate policies exaggerated its affects by 1864 organized peace movement that appeared in southern states and secret societies were promoting southern affection other Unionist were driven from their homes or executed- by the end of the war about 150,000 white southerns fought in the northern armies war would place burden on southern white women- often forced to manage business affairs and accompany slaves desertion was encouraged the wars outcome were very much in doubt in its 3rd and 4th years; one fighting Joe Hooker brought the army in central Virginia to meet Robert E. Lee

Dec.7
-Gettysburg- Robert E. Lee
July 3rd- George E. Picket marched toward Union forces and artillery reached fire and most Cofederates died; fewer than half came back; this was Lee’s greatest blunder and surrendered in Gettysburg; on the same day the Union made another victory when US Grant conquered on the Mississippi
Grant in 1864- willing to accept high casualties republic (Lincoln) party wanted to abolish slavery and confiscation of all land of confederates; the democratic in north (McAllen) wants to end the war
Lincoln being re-elected made sure that the war continued
1865-1877- different reconstruction asking for a larger population than sea islands in louisiana union army put regulations on slave labor- labor contracts with former plantation owners events in Union occupied Louisiana was brought to national attention- Lincoln in 1863 a 10 percent plan for reconstruction- essential he would offer amnesty and restoration of property rights to all white southerners who took an oath to confirm their oath to the Union and support emancipation after his re-election in 1864, Lincoln wanted the war over quickly, November 1864 Sherman had an army of 60,000 men set out from Atlanta toward the sea destroying evyerthing int heir path; “their arm was to whip the rebels into their pride and to make them fear and dread us”
Sherman moved to SC reeking greater destruction; anarchy would reign on the plains of SC as slaves would drive away their overseers and destroy homes claiming their owner’s land
January 1865- Congress passed the 13th Amendment which would abolish slavery throughout the entire Union; Lincoln called for reconciliation in his address
April 2, 1865- Grant would break through the lines of West Virginia and forced Lee to leave Richmond, the following day Union soldiers occupied the Union capital
April 9th, 1865- surrendered
April 14th, 1865- Lincoln’s assassination
Civil War- guaranteed the Union’s permanence; destroyed the institution of slavery in America; shift power in the nation from the South to the North; increased the power of the federal government; place on a post war agenda- defining and protecting african freedom
January 12, 1865- month after Union forces captured Savannah, 20 leaders of the black community gathered with Sherman and secretary of war Edward Stanton
Sherman’s special field order number 15
1865-1877- reconstruction; black sitting in legislatures in south; 1877- corrupt bargain when republicans in north send blacks back to south african Americans definition to freedoms did enough to stir a national debate and continues to show how we interpret freedom