Apa Reference Style: Avoiding Communication Problems
APA Reference Style Guide
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Updated 9 July 2009, OpenJournals Publishing
Periodical, xx, xxx-xxxx. Retrieved Month day, year, from web address
Online document
Author, A.A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved Month day, year, from web address
Referencing other sources
A book with only one author
Rose, L. (1977). Crime and punishment. London: Batsford.
A book by two authors
Gordon, E.W., & Rourke, A. (1966). Compensatory education for the disadvantaged. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
In order to avoid possible communication problems all procedures should be explained to the patient (Gardner & Sheldon, 1967, p. 40)…
Gardner and Sheldon (1967, p. 40)
When quoting a book with two authors in the text, use the word ‘and’ between the names; if the reference is in parentheses, use ‘&’ examine the problem…
A book by three or more authors
Meyer, B.S., Anderson, D.P., Bohning, R.H., & Fratanna, D.G., Jr. (1973). Introduction to plant physiology. New York: Van Nostrand.
In referring to a work by three, four or five authors all the relevant names have to be furnished in the first reference to the work, e.g.:
…the traditionalist personality (Riesman, Denney & Glazer, 1968, p. 40) restrains him from doing…
In later references to this work only the first author’s name is stated, and the abbreviation ‘et al.’ is used:
…due to his “other-directness” modern Western man in a sense is at home everywhere and yet nowhere (Riesman et al., 1968, p. 40)…
In referring to a work by six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (italicized and with a full stop after “al”), and the year for the first and subsequent citations. In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.
Reference to more than one publication of the same author in the same year
Johnson (1994a, p. 48) discussed the subject…
In his later works (Johnson, 1994b, p. 56) he
- 1 –
Updated 9 July 2009, OpenJournals Publishing
Periodical, xx, xxx-xxxx. Retrieved Month day, year, from web address
Online document
Author, A.A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved Month day, year, from web address
Referencing other sources
A book with only one author
Rose, L. (1977). Crime and punishment. London: Batsford.
A book by two authors
Gordon, E.W., & Rourke, A. (1966). Compensatory education for the disadvantaged. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
In order to avoid possible communication problems all procedures should be explained to the patient (Gardner & Sheldon, 1967, p. 40)…
Gardner and Sheldon (1967, p. 40)
When quoting a book with two authors in the text, use the word ‘and’ between the names; if the reference is in parentheses, use ‘&’ examine the problem…
A book by three or more authors
Meyer, B.S., Anderson, D.P., Bohning, R.H., & Fratanna, D.G., Jr. (1973). Introduction to plant physiology. New York: Van Nostrand.
In referring to a work by three, four or five authors all the relevant names have to be furnished in the first reference to the work, e.g.:
…the traditionalist personality (Riesman, Denney & Glazer, 1968, p. 40) restrains him from doing…
In later references to this work only the first author’s name is stated, and the abbreviation ‘et al.’ is used:
…due to his “other-directness” modern Western man in a sense is at home everywhere and yet nowhere (Riesman et al., 1968, p. 40)…
In referring to a work by six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (italicized and with a full stop after “al”), and the year for the first and subsequent citations. In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.
Reference to more than one publication of the same author in the same year
Johnson (1994a, p. 48) discussed the subject…
In his later works (Johnson, 1994b, p. 56) he