ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY POLICING AS A STRATEGY FOR CRIME PREVENTION

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Every society needs a strong and effective police force to maintain law and order, to promote peace and harmony and to secure lives and properties. The police force is not only central to individual self-actualization, but also to social cohesion, economic development and democratic consolidation (Wabara in Alemika and Chukwuma 2004).
The Nigeria Police is by law charged with the responsibility of preventing and detecting crime, preserving peace and order and enforcing all laws and regulations. The duties placed on the Police are indeed overwhelming. The task is even more daunting in a growing democracy like ours, presently confronted with challenges of nurture and sustainability of the democratic process. Given the magnitude of the challenges facing the Nigeria Police, it is encouraging to note the willingness of the Police authority to work with other stakeholders in order to properly address issues of crime and policing in Nigeria (Obasanjo in Alemika and Chukwuma 2004).
The history of community police relation in Nigeria has been described as frosty as the idea of policing imposed on the country by the colonial masters was calculated to foster an antagonism between the policed and the police (Alemika and Chukwuma, 2000; Onoja, 2007; Tamuno, 1970). Rotimi (2001) explicates the reasons for the police-citizens feuds in the colonial times and notes that since the police stood as the symbol of authority, which were responsible for the enforcement of most government policies like the collection of taxes and enforcement of traffic regulations, they were usually at loggerheads with members of the public. Unfortunately, the no-love lost relationship between the police and the public extends to the post-colonial era. Relationships between the Nigerian police and citizens are largely characterized by suspicion, prejudice, mutual disrespect, conflict and violence (Alemika and Chukwuma, 2000). It has equally been noted that it will be very difficult for any police organization to succeed in its objective of maintenance of law and order without the cooperation of the people being policed. To solve this dilemma, therefore, there must be not only a cordial relationship between the police and the citizens, but also be a working partnership between them if the laudable goals are to be achieved.
Community policing is emerging as a promising complementary approach to more traditional forms of policing. By bringing the police closer to the people and developing partner relations with citizens, this approach aims at restoring trust between civilians and the police and at gaining community support for police reform, especially in settings where the police forces are perceived as brutal, corrupt and unaccountable. This can be especially important in post-conflict countries where confidence has been lost in conflict.
The United States’ Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) defines Community Policing as ‘a policing philosophy that promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving tactics and police/community partnerships.’
Community policing involves a cooperative effort on both the community and the police, with the police engaging in pro-social activities to enhance the well-being of the community and the community taking an active role in helping the police carry out law enforcement activities. Through this reciprocal and beneficial interactions, community policing is meant to improve poor police-community relations and increase the responsiveness of police services to the community needs by identifying in partnership issues within the mandate of the police that need to be addressed at the community level (Liou and Savage in Chene 2012)
Community policing entails community partnership in creating a safe and secure environment for all. It is policing whereby the people take active part in their own affairs. With community policing, the police is not seen as a stranger whose presence stands for danger and imminent hazard but as partners in development. The unfriendly nature of the relationship between the police and members of the public has enjoyed a wide coverage among scholars. It was in reaction to this development that the concept of community policing was introduced. This is particularly the case in Nigeria where the informal ethnic militia groups contested policing space with the Nigerian police in the early years of the Fourth Republic which began in May 1999 (Ikuteyijo, 2009)
In Nigeria, community policing was introduced into selected pilot in 2004 as an effort to address mutual antagonisms that had developed between the public and the police forces. Numerous studies conducted on the police-public relations in Nigeria had revealed that the public had no confidence in the Nigeria Police Force, which was perceived as brutal, corrupt and ineffective by the community (Olusegun, 2009).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In today’s Nigeria, the Police is faced with the challenge of combating Crime and a myriad of other related problems such as internal terrorism which has been added to this list lately. The Nigeria Police is however constrained by its limited budget to look alternative means of carrying out its statutory responsibilities. Not only this, the cost of governance has increased lately making the government to cut down budgets of its ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) in a bid to stay afloat.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to find out how effective community policing as a strategy for Crime prevention has worked in Kaduna and how this has also improved the level of community safety in Kaduna as well as the level of public confidence in and support for the Nigeria police as an law enforcement organization. Another purpose for carrying out this study is to seek out ways through which Nigeria can build a police organization that is transparent, fair, neutral, accountable and responsive to public perceptions and expectations through a robust police-communities relations. The Nigeria Police, owing to its antecedents has been disconnected from the people and this even made worse in view of the dwindling resources allocated to the organization and the fact that it has to contend with more challenges given the increasing number of Crimes in the society everyday, the new dimensions being added to these Crimes and the increasing demand for the organization to perform. This study is aimed at fashioning out ways through which community-policing could bring the police and the communities it serve to work more closely together by first removing the impediments that have hitherto hindered same from being fully achieved.
This study intends to point out the likely challenges to be faced in the march towards a Crime free society via a robust police-community relation and the ways to tackle them.
1.4 Research Questions
This research is design to answer the following questions:
How effective have community-policing help in preventing Crimes in Kaduna?
What is the level of awareness of the public concerning the role of police in preventing and combating crime?
How robust and cordial is the relationship between the people and the police in Kaduna?
How often do people report unusual happenings in their neighbourhood to the police? What is the level of community involvement in the fight against Crime in Kaduna?
What are the role of police in preventing and combating crime in Kaduna?
How to improve community policing in Kaduna state?
What influence does the corrupt nature of some police have to community policing in Kaduna.
1.5 Significance of the study
The significance of this study is add more to the existing researches and as well to strengthen facts and records as to why Community Policing is important and the and reasons that often lead to decline in Community Policing Management among the stakeholders in Nigeria.
Moreover, the study is set to examine both the negative and positive effects of Community Policing as it affect the development of this country. Meaningful developments can only be achieved and sustained if and only if the security of lives and properties are guaranteed, and such can be achieved if information is managed positively. For some time, crimes including Armed Robbery, Theft, Vandalism, Murder, Economic crimes, among others have been committed due to inefficient community policing. In this study, attention is given and focused on how community policing has effects on the development of the country. Therefore, it is of utmost significance to further unearth the causes and reasons for such decline in community policing and its effects on the development of Nigeria. Meanwhile, the study will be of immense importance to stakeholders of the community, which are Nigerians in general.
1.6 Scope of the Study
1. The scope of this study is on effectiveness of Community Policing as a Strategy for Crime Prevention in Nigeria, the causes of crime as well as the role of the community in combating the crime, especially Kaduna state. Communities have gradually over time, abdicated their role in peace keeping and law enforcement and have place same in the hands of the police with the expectations that it will take on these responsibilities which is citizen’s civic duty.
To achieve peace and security, requires that the police and the community must work together to define and develop solutions to problems of crime and deviance. This is because crime prevention is a two way relationship involving the police and the community. The effectiveness of the Nigeria Police depends on how well it carries out its traditional role of combating or preventing Crime, a role that has been put to test lately by not only the outrageous number of Crimes that are committed daily but as well the dimensions these Crimes are now assuming. In the face of all these challenges, the Police must strive to put to use other international best practices aimed at making it achieve its objectives. Community policing is seen as one such measures that will help the Police in its quest to rid society of Crimes and Criminals as well as the consequences. This study is focused on how effective Community Policing has helped the Nigeria Police Kaduna State Command achieve its objectives within the period 2001-2012.
1.7 Research Method
This research work rely mainly on primary and secondary sources of data. Structured through the use of Questionnaires which was administered administered to the responding public eliciting their views on salient areas of the subject and was analysed by analyzed using simple percentages, charts and proportions. The secondary sources shall include: books, Journals, Magazines and Newspaper articles and the use of Internet.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
i. Assessment: A judgment about something based on the understanding of the situation. ii. Community: A group of people with common interests or with shared interests within society. iii. Community-Policing: Entails community partnership with the Police in creating a safe and secure environment for all. iv. Crime: An action created by law or a failure to act as required by law.
v. Effectiveness: Working to produce the result that is needed or intended. vi. Policing: The activity of keeping law and order in a place by the police. vii. Prevention: The act of stopping something bad (Crimes) from happening. viii. Strategy: A carefully devised plan of action to achieve a goal or the art of developing or carrying out a plan.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1 THE CONCEPT OF SECURITY
Security is a very significant concept that lies at the heart of the very basis of human existence and its growth. The concept enjoys so much debate as to what its constituents are and by implication what it’s really all about. Those that look at it, from the human security sense of the word, see it more holistically and argue along that path than others who see it from a narrow perspective.
According to Imobighe (1990), broadly conceived, security has to do with “freedom from danger or threats to a nation’s ability to develop itself, promote its cherished values and legitimate interests and enhance the well-being of the people.” Implied in this definition is the fact that security manifests at the levels of nation-states, individuals etc. and also has internal dimensions.
The South Africa White Paper on Defence (1996) tries to run away from narrowing the concept. To them Security can also be defined as:
........an all-encompassing condition in which Individual citizens live in freedom, peace and Safety; participate fully in the process of governance; Enjoy the protection of fundamental rights; have Access to resources and the basic necessities of life; And inhabit an environment which is not detrimental to their health and wellbeing.
The UNDP human development report (1994) raised this concern when it posited that: the concept of security has for too long been interpreted narrowly as security of territory from external aggression, or as protection of national interests in foreign policy or as global security from the threat of a nuclear holocaust. It has been related more to nation-state than people…..forgotten were the legitimate concerns of ordinary people….for many of them, security symbolized protection from the threat of disease, hunger, unemployment, crime, social conflict, political repression, and environmental hazards
Looking at it from a narrow point of view, a United Nations study defined security as a condition that prevents unauthorized persons from having access to official information that is safeguarded in the interest of national security or it can be a measure taken by military unit, activity or installation to protect itself against all acts designed to impair its effectiveness (Gurama 2010).
Wolfers (1962) stated that: "Security, in an objective sense, measures the absence of threats to acquired values, in a subjective sense, the absence of fear that such values will be attacked".
To Jose and Stevens (2009): Security is the need to feel safe, to feel assured that they know what is going to happen, to know ahead of time what the plans are what constitutes Security can be different for different people.

2.2 THE NEED FOR SECURITY
To different people and organizations the need for security stems from different reasons. Whichever angle we look at it, we would see that it is a necessity that cannot be pushed aside with the wave of the hand. Thomas Hobbes had made an impassioned case for state organization and order when he surmised that the absence of a sense of organized security could lead to the following situation:
“Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man, the same is consequent to the time where men live without other security than what their own strength and their own invention shall furnish them withal. In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain, and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force, no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts, no letters, no society, and which is worst of all; continual fear and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.” (Reuben Abati 2010).
Olujinmi (2005) agreed with the above assertion when he submitted that: criminality is part and parcel of human nature and society. That is 'why no society can claim to be completely free of crimes and hence the need for security {words in italics mine}.
Senator Adolphus Wabara (2005) in his presentation at a national summit on crime and policing in Nigeria said: “every society needs a strong and effective police force to maintain law and order, to promote peace and harmony and to secure lives and properties”. So the police force is not only central to individual self-actualization, but also to social cohesion, economic development and democratic consolidation (Alemika and Chukwuma 2005).

2.3 SECURITY AS A RIGHT
Provision of security by the State to its citizens is a right guaranteed under the constitutions of most States/countries of the modern world. Odinkalu (2005) captured this in his submission thus: The entitlement of human beings and communities everywhere should take such measures as they see it fit to safeguard themselves against threat to human society. Human safety and security are thus human rights with a value of their own and an instrumental function in the construction of human contentment and prosperity. This right pre-dates the institutionalization of the police and other uniformed institutions, which in turn post-dates the emergence of the contemporary State system and notions of sovereignty.
Balogun (2003) in a paper presented on electoral violence and national security said: A major goal of any civilized society is to ensure that law and order is maintained thereby guaranteeing the general security of the citizenry and ensuring public tranquility. Chapter II, Section 14 (2) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 states inter alia
(a) The security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of government.
(b) The participation by the people in their government shall be ensured in accordance with provisions of this Constitution.
In accordance with this Constitutional provision, the governments of Nigeria have the responsibility to cater for the security and welfare of Nigerians, and also to ensure that Nigerians freely participate in their governments. The basic form of such participation is the exercise of the right to vote. Therefore any situation that obstructs any citizen from exercising his civic and constitutional rights of voting and be voted for must be taken as a violation of his civic and Constitutional right to freedom of expression.
Otubu and Coker (2006) put it more succinctly by positing that security of lives and property is a fundamental human right guaranteed under the 1999 constitution of Nigeria. Efforts have been made by successive administrations, especially since 1999 to provide this.
Oshio (2009) states that normally, citizens expect their governments to provide them with political stability and socio-economic security, including employment, healthcare and shelter, the non-fulfillment of which breeds discontent and social unrest or even serious political challenge.
2.4 THE CONCEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY
Every nation of the world today tries to protect and ensure the safety and her people and their property. Thus Onuoha (2008) sees national security as “the capacity of a state to promote the pursuit and the realization of the fundamental needs and vital interests of man and society and to protect them from threats which may be economic, social, environmental, political, military or epidemiological.” The jurisprudence of national security or state security etc. resolves itself into a consideration of competing interests of the individual, the state or community. And the philosophy of national security is encapsulated in the maxim: (Salu populist est suprema lex) meaning that the safety of the nation is the supreme law. This is so because all the rights of the individuals depend for their very existence upon the continuance of organized political society, the continuance of that society itself depends upon national security, for without national security any society is in danger of collapse or overthrow.
The primary objective of Nigeria’s National Security Policy according to former President Olusegun Obasanjo shall be to: strengthen the Federal Republic of Nigeria, to advance her interests and objectives, to contain instability, control crime, eliminate corruption, enhance genuine development, progress and growth, and improve the welfare and well being and the quality of life of every citizen (Grand strategy for national security 2001.)
According to Imobighe (1990), Internal security may be conceived as the Freedom from or the absence of those tendencies which could attenuate internal cohesion and the corporate existence of the nation and its ability to maintain its vital institutions for the promotion of its core values and socio-political and economic objectives, as well as meet the legitimate aspirations of the people. Finally, internal security also implies freedom from danger to life and property and the presence of a conducive atmosphere for the people to pursue their legitimate interests within the society.
2.5 SECURITY AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Governments of nations the world over aspire to have their countries rank among the highest in terms of development in all its ramifications.
According to Oshio (2009), rapid economic development and social well-being constitute the development imperative of developing countries of the world and indeed, remain the normative goal of the international community. This involves the attainment of sufficient levels of economic growth to allow for a progressive improvement in the material standard of living of the populace. He went further to say that: it is meaningless to talk of development in the absence of national security. In other words, insecurity in a nation is a threat to development
Katsina (2009) observed the relevance of internal (national) security to any country’s sustainable development has never been questioned. This is because without an enabling environment in which production, industrial activities and trade can take place and prosper; development would forever remain elusive. To achieve this, states, world over, devise security strategies and policy frameworks that ensure adequate security for their citizens and their properties
While to Gurama (2010), Security is the backbone of any society. It is tied to its social, political, economic and cultural growth. Negligence of this vital ingredient of development has led to all manner of social ills, including violent crimes such as armed robbery, ritual killings, child trafficking and other crimes.
United Nations (2004) stated that: “in the twenty-first century, all States and their collective institutions must advance the cause of larger freedom- by ensuring freedom from want freedom from fear and freedom to live in dignity. In an increasingly interconnected world, progress in the areas of development, security and human rights must go hand in hand. There will be no development without security and no security without development.”
Arase and Iwuofor (2007) observed that it is well recognized all over the world that peace and security of life and property are the primary conditions for progress and development of any society.
2.6 THREATS TO INTERNAL SECURITY OF NIGERIA
Nigeria, like most countries of the modern world is plagued by a myriad of problems the list of which is unending. Notable among these problems is the issue of threats to internal security.
Ogundiya (2009) opined that Nigeria is a state under perpetual internal security threat. At a more general level the threat has social, economic, political and environmental dimensions. Each of these dimensions, singly and conjointly, greatly affects the nation’s stability and well-being. Threats to human and national security ranges from the menace of separatist demands, illegal militia armies, ethnic and religious conflicts, terrorism, armed robbery, corruption and poverty to sabotage of public properties, economic sabotage and environmental degradation. Among these, ethno-religious fighting and violent attacks in the oil-rich Niger Delta forms the major security dilemma. The predominant threats and security challenges in the area are emanating from un-abating attacks on oil installations, arm proliferation, sea piracy, youth restiveness, bunkering, kidnap and hostage taking.
Abdulsalam (2005) tries to look at these security threats in relation to Nigeria’s nascent democracy and he said: some of the major security problems currently confronting the nation have been identified to include: political and electioneering conflicts, socio-economic agitations, ethno-religious crises, ethnic militias, boundary disputes, cultism, criminality and organized crimes. These problems individually and collectively constitute threats to the peace, security and development of the country. Invariably, they have implications for the continuity and survival of the nation 's nascent democracy. There have been several ethno-religious conflicts in the history of Nigeria, but in recent times, these problems appear to be escalating at an intolerable scale. Ethnic and the foregoing problems and criminal activities individually and collectively create insecurity and breach of the peace that are likely to or indeed affect legitimate social and economic activities in the country.
Oshio (2009) on his part posited that: It needs no citation of authority to establish the overwhelming presence of crime and violence in Nigeria today. Despite various laws (old and new) armed robbery, ethnic/communal clashes, religious riots and upheavals leaving many dead and others maimed and homeless are the order of the day. Many Nigerians have fallen to the assassins’ bullets/letter bombs. Others have been kidnapped and only released on huge ransom which re-payment they may not be able to achieve for the rest of their lives. From Dele Giwa, Bola Ige, and recently Ohu, all security agencies Police, SSS, army etc. have not been able to unravel the whereabouts of the assassins. Kidnapping has become a very fast-growing industry enriching the criminals with millions of Naira on daily basis.
2.7 SOME MAJOR SECURITY THREATS IN NIGERIA
2.7.1 CIVIL DISTURBANCES
Civil disturbances occur when a group of individuals disrupt essential functions, damage property, or threaten the well being of other individuals. Large-scale civil disturbances rarely occur. Situations that spawn civil disturbances include: Labour disputes with a high degree of animosity between the dissenting parties; High profile or controversial judicial proceedings; Implementation of controversial laws or other governmental actions; Resource shortages because of catastrophic events; Disagreements between special interest groups; Perceived unjust death or injury of a person held in high regard by a particular segment of society. Civil disturbances can expand to cover large portions of a community and include individuals not associated with the initial conflict. Areas particularly vulnerable to civil disturbances include government buildings, military installations, universities, controversial businesses, service providers, and critical service facilities such as police and fire stations. Sports arenas and facilities for large gatherings can also be vulnerable. Prison uprisings are also a form of civil disturbance. Response to and recovery from civil disturbances involves many community agencies and the general public corporations .

2.7.2 ROBBERY
Robbery is a regular feature of every human society, even among animals, robbery takes place. Robbery is the crime of seizing property through violence or intimidation. This is different from embezzlement, larceny, and theft. Piracy is a type of robbery. Armed robbery involves the use of a weapon. Highway robbery takes place outside and in a public place. Robbery is generally an urban crime. Carjacking is the act of robbing a car from a victim, usually at gunpoint.
Robbery can also be seen as the taking or attempting to take something of value from another by violence or the threat of violence. Robbery can be committed against individuals, businesses, and institutions like banks. It is a felony in all states. Threatening people on the streets with a baseball bat and demanding all their money and jewelry is robbery, even if the person is not injured. Pushing an elderly woman down on the sidewalk to steal her purse is also robbery.
2.7.3 THEFT
It actually involves act of making unlawful claims over someone else’s property or “illegal taking of another person’s property without the person’s freely-given consent”. Ordinarily, the term theft is used to describe some other criminal acts that relate to illegal acquisition of another person’s property or acts of stealing like burglary, larceny, looting, fraud and embezzlement, to mention a few. Theft can be perpetrated in various ways.

2.7.4 ARSON
Arson can be described to mean a deliberate act of destructively setting another person’s or one self’s property on fire for specific motives. For instance, someone can decide to set his/her property on fire with the criminal intention of illegally getting claims from the insurance company. Most times this crime is usually perpetrated by one party against another party.
2.7.5 KIDNAPPING
The incidence of kidnapping has become a grave security threat both locally and internationally. Many families have lost their loved ones through the dastardly acts of kidnapping. Apart from loss of lives, kidnapping also has implications on the economy of the state as well as that of individuals. At this point, let us quickly look at some definitions of the term kidnapping. However, kidnapping can be described as a form security threat that involves:
...the taking away or exportation of a person against the person 's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority. This may be done for ransom or in furtherance of another crime, or in connection with a child custody dispute.
It can also be seen as:……the taking away of a person against the person 's will, usually to hold the person for ransom or in furtherance of another crime. In the terminology of the common law in many jurisdictions, the crime of kidnapping is labeled abduction when the victim is a woman.
The nefarious activities of some of the militants in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria has actually made popular kidnapping as a source of making quick money. The problem is spreading fast to other regions of the country.
2.8 ROLE OF NIGERIAN POLICE AND OTHER SISTER AGENCIES IN SECURITY MANAGEMENT
The internal security of a nation is a vital ingredient for the effective working of its superstructures. The government recognized this hence the setting up of security and or law enforcement agencies that are charged with the responsibility of ensuring this. The one time Inspector General of Police Sunday Ehindero (2006) said concerning law enforcement agencies that these: are agencies set up by law to maintain internal security of the state. At the inception of the political entity known today as Nigeria this function was bestowed on the Police force. To Ehindero (2006) the police: occupies a very important position in the maintenance of internal security in democratic society, hence they are given powers by an enabling statute to discharge their task and bring society to order to avoid anarchy and hardship. Section 4 of Police Act cap 359 law of the Federation 1990 state the primary duty of the Nigeria Police, this include:
i. Prevention and detection of crime ii. The Apprehension of offenders iii. Preservation of law and order iv. Protection of life and property
v. The enforcement of all law vi. Regulation within which they are directly charge vii. Military duties within and outside Nigeria it may require by the Law.
One time Senate President Adolphus Wabara (2006) understood the role of the police and its enormity when he asserted that: the role of the police in any human society is enormous. Every society needs a strong and effective police force to maintain law and order, to promote peace and harmony and to secure lives and properties. So the police force is not only central to individual self-actualization, but also to social cohesion, economic development and democratic consolidation. ……….. The enormity of this task is underscored by the fact that the provision of security is one of the main functions of the state. A state that cannot protect the lives and properties of its nationals is not entitled to their loyalty, it is well on the way to becoming a failed state. We all know that the implications of this are too grave to even contemplate.
The former President of Nigeria Olusegun Obasanjo (2006) saw the enormity of the duties of the Police and submitted that: The Nigeria Police is by law charged with the responsibility of preventing and detecting crime, preserving peace and order and enforcing all laws and regulations. The duties placed on the Police are indeed overwhelming. The task is even more daunting in a growing democracy like ours, presently confronted with challenges of nurture and sustainability of the democratic process.
It was a recognition of the enormity of the responsibilities the police was saddled with that informed the creation of other security agencies to whom part of the former functions of the police were bestowed. The Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps also came into being as a result of this development.
(The National News Paper News 2011) once reported that: With Nigeria’s internal security fast becoming a national emergency, and the country’s Police Force apparently at its wits’ end, many security experts have recommended the repositioning and upgrading, with commensurate funding, of the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) to enable it complement the flagging efforts of the Police. The record of the Corps since its establishment as a voluntary agency, via Act 2 of 2003, and from 2007 when the Act was amended to strengthen and empower the Corps for better service delivery, is a veritable testimonial to its ability to function well in that role.
2.9 SUMMARY
The concept of security is one of importance particularly when we talk about it in relation to national development in all its ramifications. The need for security follows the fact that without it nothing meaningful by way of development can be achieved. It also a right of the citizen of a State to have security provided for him by such a State. States are however not without security threats and these particularly informed the creation of security outfits by government of countries like Nigeria to protect them from such threats. At the inception, internal security was left in the hands of the Nigeria police. Over time, the enormity of the challenges of internal security threats have made the need for the creation of sister security agencies necessary. These are mostly now saddled with the some responsibilities that were formerly that of the police. The Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) came into being as a result of this kind of need. Today, the Corps is fully operational but this is not without some obstacles.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
This research study focuses on Assessing the Effectiveness of Community Policing as a Strategy for Crime Prevention using the Kaduna Police Command as a case study. The chapter covers the research methodology used in collecting and analyzing data. It also presents the techniques for data collection, sampling, sampling size and method of data presentation and interpretation.
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The study adopts the survey methodology which was based on the instrument of questionnaire to gather data which will be used to collect an aggregate or average response to the salient issues raised for the study. This research design was considered appropriate for the study against the background that survey method is very well accepted in measuring behaviours, reactions, attitudes and perceptions of the respondents.
3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
The population of the study consists of the residents of the Police Command; which is Kaduna Metropolis and environs. For the purpose of the study, the population is divided proportionately among the general public and the security agents which are the flash points of the study.
3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE/PROCEDURE
The researcher used the random sampling procedure to collect primary data from the respondents. In this procedure, 40 questionnaires were administered to the sampled respondents. The 40 respondents were randomly selected from the State Police Command. This has given the researcher the privilege to hand-pick certain groups of people that are considered knowledgeable and important in the conduct of the research. Questionnaires were administered on the following categories of people, viz; Police officers, community and religious leaders, and general members of the public. All the sample categories of people that are picked as outlined above are given questionnaires to answer.
The result obtained from the sample of the study is applied as a generalization of the overall population of the study. This means that, whatever result that is obtained from this study is the reflection of the entire situation in study area.
3.4 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
The study adopted the use of questionnaire to obtain data. The questionnaire is divided into sections A and B. Section A contains issues on the general demographic information of respondents, such as; sex, age, marital status, level of education background and employment status. Section B focuses on some structured questions relating to the research questions as it assesses the effectiveness of community policing in preventing and combating crime in Kaduna State.
Open-ended questions on general information are drawn in such a way that the respondents answered by ticking the appropriate column and filling the gap.
3.5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected were analyzed using tables and simple percentages for better understanding of the data obtained from the respondents.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction
In this chapter, data obtained and used for analysis is presented. In the presentation, frequency tables and percentages are used to further display vividly the data collected. The analysis of the data was done with the aid of the mean, which was the main statistical tool employed. The next two sections give details. The chapter ends with a section on summary of research findings which emanates from the data analyses.
4.1 Data Presentation
The data used for this study was obtained via the administration of a researcher designed questionnaire. A total of 40 questionnaires were administered and all were returned. This implies that the response rate is 100%. According to Nworgu (1991) “Result could differ considerably, where all the questionnaires returned are less than 70%”. Therefore a response rate of 100% can be considered adequate for valid statistical analysis. Table 4.1.1 below shows the percentage response.
Table 4.1.1: Response rate of Questionnaire administered
No. Administered
40
No. Returned
40
% Response
100
Out of the 40 responses returned, 25 were from male and 15 from female respondents. This means that 62.5% of the respondents are male while the remaining 37.5% are female. Table 4.1.2 below shows the distribution of the respondents by gender.
Table 4.1.2: Distribution of the Respondents by Gender
Respondents’ Gender
Frequency
Percent (%)
Male
25
62.5
Female
15
37.5
Total
40
100.0
Data analysis of the marital status of the respondents shows that 27 of them are married, which constitutes 67.5% while 8 of them are singles, representing 20% of the respondents with the remaining 5 being widows i.e. 12.5% of the respondents. Table 4.1.3 below displays the distribution of the respondents in terms of marital status.
Table 4.1.3: Marital Status Distribution of Respondents
Respondents’ Marital Status
Frequency
Percent (%)
Married
27
67.5
Single
8
20.0
Widow
5
12.5
Total
40
100.0
Further data analysis of the age distribution of the respondents revealed that majority of them which is; 13 are between the ages of 35 years and above, representing 32.5% of the total. The next are those within the age range of 25 – 30 years old which are 8 in number representing 20.0% of the total. The number within the age group of (30 – 35) and (20 – 25) years old which are 7 each representing 17.5% of the total respectively; and 5 of the respondents are between the ages of 15-20 years which represents 12.5% of the respondents. Table 4.1.4 below displays the age group distribution of the respondents.
Table 4.1.4: Age Group Distribution of Respondents
Respondents’ Age Group
Frequency
Percent (%)
15-20yrs
5
12.5
20-25yrs
7
17.5
25-30yrs
8
20.0
30-35yrs
7
17.5
35yrs & above
13
32.5
Total
40
100.0

In terms of educational qualification of the respondents, 16 of them constituting 40% of the total respondents are either HND or First degree holders, 18 are Diploma/NCE holders which represents 45% of the respondents, those with Post Graduate Qualification are 4 representing 10% of the total respondents while people with professional qualification are not represented, those other qualifications not mentioned above are 2, representing 5% of the total respondents. Table 4.1.5 below shows educational qualification distribution of the respondents.
Table 4.1.5: Educational Qualification Distribution of Respondents
Respondents’ Qualification
Frequency
Percent (%)
Diploma/NCE
18
45.0
HND/1st Degree
16
40.0
Postgraduate degree
4
10.0
Others
2
5.0
Total
40
100.0

Analysis of the respondents’ occupational distribution was done. It was thus discovered that the number of respondents that are Politicians is 4 representing 10%, 4 community/religious leaders, representing 10%; no retired military personnel, representing 0%; 4 members of youth organization, representing 10%; 16 unemployed, representing 40% and 2 civil servants and police officers representing 5% respectively. Table 4.1.7 below depicts this detail.
Table 4.1.7: Occupational Distribution of Respondents

4.2 DATA ANALYSIS
In this section, an attempt was made to analyze the data gathered that form the basis for answering the research questions. Therefore, the next subsection was focused on the research questions and data analysis.
4.2.1 Research Questions and Data Analysis
As stated in section 3.4 in Chapter 3, the main instrument used to gather data for answering the research questions was a questionnaire structured format of either choosing a Yes or No by the respondents and filling in the gap where appropriate. For each item, the decision from all the responses was calculated based on the above point – allocation criteria. In line with this, the decision rule employed was that if a particular item gathers more than 60% of the respondents, it implies that majority of the respondents agreed to that particular item and hence, we shall base our assumption to that decision.
As stated in section 1.3, this study seeks to answer the following four research questions:
i. How effective have community-policing prevent Crimes in Kaduna? ii. What is the level of awareness of the public concerning the role of police in preventing and combating crime? iii. How robust and cordial is the relationship between the people and the police in Kaduna? iv. How often do people report unusual happenings in their neighbourhood to the police?
v. What is the level of community involvement in the fight against Crime in Kaduna?
In order to analyze data addressing the research questions, each of the forms that solicits for information on Assessing the effectiveness of community policing in preventing crimes in Kaduna State were analyzed respondent by respondent. The following are the respondents’ reactions to each of the questions.
Table 4.2.1: Do you think community policing have been effective in preventing crime in Kaduna State?
For this question, a total of 29 respondents representing 72.5% of the respondents chose a Yes, while 11 respondents representing 27.5% of the respondents chose a No. This implies that the respondents’ agreed that community policing has been very effective in preventing and combating crime in Kaduna State. Table 4.2.1 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
29
72.5
No
11
27.5
Total
40
100

Table 4.2.2: Do you think the public is aware of the role of police in preventing and combating crime?
For this item, a total of 36 respondents representing 90% of the respondents chose a Yes and 4 respondents representing 10% of the respondents chose a No. This implies that the respondents’ believed that the public is aware of the role of police in preventing and combating crime. Table 4.2.2 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
12
30
No
28
70
Total
40
100

Table 4.2.3: Do you think that the relationship between the people and the police in Kaduna State is robust and cordial?
For this item, a total of 12 respondents representing 10% of the respondents chose a Yes and 28 respondents representing 70% of the respondents chose a No. This implies that the respondents’ agreed that the “I don’t care” attitude of some people as long as it’s not affecting them has been responsible for decline in public relations management in the security sector in Nigeria. Table 4.2.3 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
87
87
No
13
13
Total
40
100

Table 4.2.4: Do you think that the corrupt nature of some Police officers and some members of the community is a reason for bad community policing in Kaduna State?
For this item, a total number of 37 respondents representing 92.5% of the respondents chose a Yes and 3 respondents representing 7.5% of the respondents chose a No. This implies that the respondents agreed that the corrupt nature among some police officers and members of the community is responsible for bad community policing in Kaduna State. Table 4.2.4 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
37
92.5
No
3
7.5
Total
40
100

Table 4.2.5: Do you think that people in the community often report unusual happenings in their neighbourhood to the police in Kaduna State?
For this item, a total number of 31 respondents representing 77.5% of the respondents chose a Yes and 9 respondents representing 22.5% of the respondents chose a No. This implies that the respondents believed that members of the community do not often report unusual cases or happenings in their neighbourhood to the police in Kaduna State. Table 4.2.5 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.

Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
31
77.5
No
9
22.5
Total
40
100%

Table 4.2.6: Do you think that the lack of trust in the police by members of the community is a reason why they don’t normally report unusual happenings to the police?
For this item, a total number of 31 respondents representing 77.5% of the respondents chose a Yes while 9 respondents representing 22.5% of the respondents chose a No. This simply implies that the respondents believed that the lack of trust in the dispensation of justice by the police by members of the community is a reason why they don’t normally report unusual happenings to the police in Kaduna State. Table 4.2.6 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
31
77.5
No
9
22.5
Total
40
100%

Table 4.2.7: Do you think intensive campaigns by the government and NGOs on the need for enhanced cooperation between the Police in Kaduna State and members of the community would lead to a better and improved community policing?
For this item, a frequency of 39 respondents representing 97.5% of the total respondents chose a Yes while 1 respondent representing 2.5% of the total respondents chose a No. This implies that the respondents agreed that intensive campaigns by the government and NGOs on the need for enhanced cooperation between the Police in Kaduna State and members of the community is one of the mechanisms to be put in place to achieve a better and improved community policing in Kaduna State. Table 4.2.7 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
39
97.5
No
1
2.5
Total
40
100

Table 4.2.8: Do you think that installation of communication gadgets at various posts or junctions can bring improvement to community policing in Kaduna State?
For this item, a frequency of 40 respondents representing 100% of the respondents was obtained as a Yes. This implies that all the respondents agreed that installation of communication gadgets at various junctions for members of the community for easy communication with the police in terms of distress is one of the mechanisms to be put in place for an improved community policing in Kaduna State. Table 4.2.8 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
40
100
No
0
0
Total
40
100

Table 4.2.9: Do you think providing security agents with state-of-the-art communication gadgets and training in order to enhance their ability in discharging their duties and responsibilities of safeguarding the security of lives and properties can bring improvement to community policing in Kaduna State?
For this item, a frequency of 40 respondents representing 100% of the total respondents chose a Yes while no respondent representing 0% of the respondents. This implies that the respondents agreed that equipping security agents with state-of-the-are communication gadgets is one of the mechanisms to be put in place for an improved community policing in Kaduna State. Table 4.2.9 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
40
100
No
0
0
Total
40
100

Table 4.2.10: Do you think that community policing will be improved if police officers begin responding to urgent and distress calls whenever they are contacted?
For this item, a frequency of 40 respondents representing 100% of the total respondents chose a Yes while no respondent representing 0% of the total respondents chose No. This implies that the respondents agreed that Security agencies should be proactive in carrying out their duties and responding to calls as soon as possible whenever they are contacted for an improved community policing in Kaduna State. Table 4.2.10 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.

Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
40
100
No
0
0
Total
40
100

Table 4.2.11: Do you think that assuring members of the community of the safety of their lives and properties whenever they pass valuable information to the police will bring improvement to community policing in Kaduna State?
For this item, a frequency of 40 respondents representing 100% of the total respondents chose Yes while no respondent representing 0% of the total respondents chose No. This implies that the respondents agreed that members of the community should be assured that their lives and properties will be safeguarded whenever they pass valuable information to security agents is one motion that needs to be put in place for an improved public relations management in the security sector in Nigeria. Table 4.2.11 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
40
100
No
0
0
Total
40
100

Table 4.2.12: Do you think that members of the community are involved in the fight against Crime in Kaduna State?
For this item, a frequency of 28 respondents representing 70% of the total respondents chose Yes while 12 respondents representing 30% of the total respondents chose No. This implies that the respondents agreed that members of the community are involved in the fight against crime in Kaduna State. Table 4.2.12 below depicts the analysis of respondents’ reaction.
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
28
70
No
12
30
Total
40
100

4.3 RESEARCH FINDINGS
From the analyses of the research questions’ data, the following are the major findings of this study:
i. Community policing have been very effective in preventing and combating crime in Kaduna State. ii. The public is aware of the role of police in preventing and combating crime. iii. There is no robust or cordial relationship between the people and the police in Kaduna State. iv. The corrupt nature of some Police officers and some members of the community is a reason for bad community policing in Kaduna State.
v. People in the community often report unusual happenings in their neighbourhood to the police in Kaduna State. vi. Lack of trust in the police by members of the community is a reason why they don’t normally report unusual happenings to the police. vii. Intensive campaigns by the government and NGOs on the need for enhanced cooperation between the Police in Kaduna State and members of the community would lead to a better and improved community policing. viii. Installation of communication gadgets at various posts or junctions can bring improvement to community policing in Kaduna State. ix. Providing the police officers with state-of-the-art communication gadgets and training in order to enhance their ability in discharging their duties and responsibilities of safeguarding the security of lives and properties can bring improvement to community policing in Kaduna State.
x. Community policing will be improved if security agents begin responding to urgent and distress calls whenever they are contacted. xi. Assuring members of the community of the safety of their lives and properties whenever they pass valuable information to the police will bring improvement to community policing in Kaduna State. xii. Members of the community are involved in the fight against Crime in Kaduna State.
4.4 SUMMARY OF DATA PRESENTATION
In this chapter, the demographic data of the 40 respondents to the researcher designed questionnaire that was administered has been presented. In addition, analyses of their responses were presented. The main statistical tool employed in the analyses was the mean; the mean statistics was employed to assist in the analysis of data relative to the research questions. In the presentation of the data analyzed, frequency and contingency tables were generously employed.
The research findings indicate that; community policing have been very effective in preventing crime in Kaduna State, the public is aware of the role of police in preventing and combating crime, there is no cordial or robust relationship between the police and members of the community, people in the community often report unusual happenings in their neighourhood to the police, members of the community are involved in the fight against crime in Kaduna State.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
In this study, an attempt has been made to conduct an empirical research in assessing the effectiveness of community policing as a strategy for crime prevention, Kaduna state command was selected as the case study. It was observed in the study that community policing have degenerated to a worrisome phenomenon. The consequences of such degeneration take a heavy toll on the lives and properties of the citizenry. In particular, it has been observed that the state of community policing in the state have consequential effects especially on the general public. This is because whenever and wherever a crime is committed and there are crime scenes; there may be destruction of lives and properties, arson, looting and vandalization of public buildings, structures and properties. Hence, the community is the first affected before any other.
In the course of literature review for this study, various views from related previous studies have been reviewed and analyzed. Therefore, recommendations from such research tend to take a more general approach. Also, this study will add more to the existing researches and as well strengthen facts and records as to the effectiveness of community policing as a strategy for crime prevention. The findings from this study is of immense importance to those charged with the responsibility of safeguarding the lives and properties of the citizenry, policy-making, security agencies, researchers, members of the community, among others.
The design for this research is in such a way that questionnaire was administered to obtain the desired information on the effectiveness of community policing as a strategy for crime prevention. Also, other sources like textbooks, NOUN course wares, journals, magazines, newspapers, and articles are critically analyzed in order to arrive at the acceptable and cohesive research result.
The population of the study have been selected from people living within Kaduna metropolis as Kaduna State command have been selected as the case study.
Purposive or judgmental sampling techniques were used. This gave the researcher the privilege to hand pick certain groups of people that are considered knowledgeable and important in the conduct of the research.
5.2 Conclusion
In conclusion, the project has given us a background skill and knowledge in the assessing the effectiveness of community policing as a strategy for crime prevention. The mechanism and approaches of enhancing and improving community policing in Kaduna State were also discussed in the study.
5.3 Recommendations
Effective community policing constitutes a great importance to the peace, stability and cooperation among the police and members of the community. Therefore, to manage and effective community policing in order to prevent or reduce crime to the lowest possible level in Kaduna state, the following suggestions are recommended:
1. Intensive campaigns should be organized from time to time by the government and NGOs on the need for enhanced cooperation between the Police and members of the community highlighting the importance and gains of improved community policing and vice versa.
2. Communication gadgets should be installed at various posts or junctions thereby easing communication and bringing improvement to community policing in Kaduna State.
3. Police officers should be provided with state-of-the-art communication gadgets and training in order to enhance their ability in discharging their duties and responsibilities of safeguarding the security of lives and properties which can bring improvement to community policing in Kaduna State.
4. Police officers should always be proactive and begin responding to urgent and distress calls whenever they are contacted.
5. Members of the community should be assured of the safety and security of their lives and properties whenever they pass valuable information to the police so that people would not be scared for their lives whenever they approach the police with vital information.
6. I recommend that further work and research be done on this project to cover the areas left untouched by aspiring researchers, therefore, researches on enhancement of community policing as a strategy for crime prevention is highly welcomed.
REFERENCES:
Abati, R. (2008); “Much Ado About Police Reforms.” The Guardian, January 11.
Alemika, E. E and Chukwuma, I. (2000); Police-Community Violence in Nigeria, Center for Law Enforcement Education and National Human Rights Commission.
Arase, S.E. and Iwuofor, I.P.O. (2007) (eds.), Policing in Nigeria in the 21st Century, Ibadan, Spectrum Books.
Braiden, Chris R. “Enriching Traditional Roles.” Police Management: Issues and Perspectives, ed. Larry T. Hoover. Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum. 1992:p.101.
Brann, Joseph E., and Suzanne Whalley. “COPPS: The Transformation of Police Organizations.” Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving. Sacramento: Attorney General’s Crime Prevention Center. 1992:p.74.
Brown, Lee P. Community Policing: A Practical Guide for Police Officials. Perspectives on Policing. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice and John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. 1989:p.5.
Community Policing—Making the Case for Citizen Involvement. Rockville, Md.: Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. 1987.
Daly, N.C., and P.J. Morehead. Evaluation of Community Policing: Final Report of the Community Survey and Police Department Internal Survey. St. Petersburg, Florida: St. Petersburg Police Department. 1992.
Donovan, E.J., and W.F. Walsh. “Private Security and Community Policing: Evaluation and Comment.” Journal of Criminal Justice. 17(3)(1989).
Freeman, Michael A. “Community-Oriented Policing.” MIS Report. International City Management Association. 24(9)(September 1989).
Friedmann, Robert R. “Community Policing: Promises and Challenges.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 6(2)(May 1990).
Greene, Jack R. “Foot Patrol and Community Policing: Past Practices and Future Prospects.” American Journal of Police. 6(1)(Spring 1987).
Greene, Jack R., and Stephan D. Mastrofski. Community Policing: Rhetoric or Reality. New York: Praeger Publishers. 1988.
Hall, D.L. “Community Policing: An Overview of the Literature.” Public Policy Report. 1(1)(June 1990).
Ikuteyijo, L. (2009), “The Challenges of Community Policing in Nigeria”, International Journal of Police Science and Management Vol. 11 No. 3
Imobighe, T.A., 1990. Doctrine for and Threats for Internal Security. In: Ekoko, A. and M. Vogt, (Eds.), Nigerian Defence Policy: Issues and Problems. Malthouse Press, Lagos.
Kelling, George L. Police and Communities: The Quiet Revolution. Perspectives on Policing. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice and John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. 1988:p.5.
Lanre Ikuteyijo and Kemi Rotimi (2012) Community Partnership in Policing: the Nigerian Experience. The Police Journal: June 2012, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 123-131.
Nworgu, I. (1991); Advanced Statistical Methods; Longman Publishers, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Odinkalu, A. (2005); When did Police Become (y)our Friend? Changing Roles of Civil Society in Promoting Safety and Security in Nigeria.
Oettmeier, Timothy N., and William H. Beck. Developing a Policing Style for Neighborhood Policing. Executive Session #1. Houston: Houston Police Department. 1987:pp.12–13.
Olujinmi, A. (2005); Crime and Policing in Nigeria, A Keynote address delivered at the National Security Summit.
Onoja, A.F. (2007), “Sustaining a Tradition of Policing Through Alienation: An Assessment of Recruitment and Training in the Colonial and Postcolonial Nigeria Police”, Afrika Zamani, Nos. 13 & 14, 2005–2006, pp.137–151
Otubu, A. K. and Coker S. A (2006). Police and Crime Prevention in Nigeria
Rotimi, K. (2001); The Police in a Federal State: The Nigerian Experience, Ibadan, College Press Limited.
Sparrow, Malcolm K. Implementing Community Policing. Perspectives on Policing. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice and John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. 1988:p.2.
Tamuno, T.N. (1970); The Police in Modern Nigeria, Ibadan, University of Ibadan Press.
Trojanowicz, Robert C. An Evaluation of the Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program in Flint, Michigan. East Lansing: Michigan State University. 1982:p.86. See also Trojanowicz,
Robert C. “An Evaluation of a Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program.” Journal of Police Science and Administration 11(1983).
Wolfers, A, 1962. National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol, in: Discord and Collaboration. Essays on International Politics John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, pp. 147-165.
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE

Department of Criminology and Security Studies,
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,
National Open University of Nigeria,
Kaduna Study Centre.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am an Undergraduate Student in the School of Art and Social Sciences, studying Criminology and Security Studies at the National Open University of Nigeria, Kaduna study centre; I am currently working on a research entitled “Assessing the Effectiveness of Community Policing as a Strategy for Crime Prevention”. Kindly tick the appropriate space representing the answers to each of the items in the questions below you think best describe your idea on the subject matter.
I wish to assure you that all information provided will be treated with utmost confidentiality and will only be used for the purpose of this research.
Thank you.

Samira Hussaini.
NOU070018813.
Note: Please tick or fill as appropriate
SECTION A: Personal Data

1. Sex a. Male [ ] b. Female [ ]

2. Marital Status a. Married [ ] b. Single [ ] c. Divorce [ ] d. Widow [ ] e. Separated [ ]

3. Age Distribution a. 15 – 20 years [ ] b. 20 – 25 years [ ] c. 25 – 30 year [ ] d. 30 – 35 years [ ] e. 35 years and above [ ]

4. Educational Qualification a. Diploma/NCE [ ] b. HND/First Degree [ ] c. Postgraduate Degree [ ] d. Professional [ ] e. Others [ ] Please Specify…………………….

5. Occupation a. Civil Servant [ ] b. Politician [ ] c. Police Officer [ ] d. Community/Religious Leader [ ] e. Member of an organization [ ] f. Unemployed [ ]

Instruction: Kindly tick () in the appropriate space your response to each question.
SECTION B:

a) Do you think community policing have been effective in preventing crime in Kaduna State?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
b) Do you think the public is aware of the role of police in preventing and combating crime?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
c) Do you think that the relationship between the people and the police in Kaduna State is robust and cordial?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
d) Do you think that the corrupt nature of some Police officers and some members of the community is a reason for bad community policing in Kaduna State?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
e) Do you think that people in the community often report unusual happenings in their neighbourhood to the police in Kaduna State?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
f) Do you think that the lack of trust in the police by members of the community is a reason why they don’t normally report unusual happenings to the police?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
g) Do you think intensive campaigns by the government and NGOs on the need for enhanced cooperation between the Police in Kaduna State and members of the community would lead to a better and improved community policing?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
h) Do you think that installation of communication gadgets at various posts or junctions can bring improvement to community policing in Kaduna State?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
i) Do you think providing security agents with state-of-the-art communication gadgets and training in order to enhance their ability in discharging their duties and responsibilities of safeguarding the security of lives and properties of Nigerians can bring improvement to community policing in Kaduna State?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
j) Do you think that community policing will be improved if security agents begin responding to urgent and distress calls whenever they are contacted?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
k) Do you think that assuring members of the community of the safety of their lives and properties whenever they pass valuable information to the police will bring improvement to community policing in Kaduna State?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
l) Do you think that members of the community are involved in the fight against Crime in Kaduna State?
Yes [ ] No [ ]

References: Abati, R. (2008); “Much Ado About Police Reforms.” The Guardian, January 11. Alemika, E. E and Chukwuma, I. (2000); Police-Community Violence in Nigeria, Center for Law Enforcement Education and National Human Rights Commission. Arase, S.E. and Iwuofor, I.P.O. (2007) (eds.), Policing in Nigeria in the 21st Century, Ibadan, Spectrum Books. Braiden, Chris R. “Enriching Traditional Roles.” Police Management: Issues and Perspectives, ed. Larry T. Hoover. Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum. 1992:p.101. Brann, Joseph E., and Suzanne Whalley. “COPPS: The Transformation of Police Organizations.” Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving. Sacramento: Attorney General’s Crime Prevention Center. 1992:p.74. Brown, Lee P. Community Policing: A Practical Guide for Police Officials. Perspectives on Policing. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice and John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. 1989:p.5. Community Policing—Making the Case for Citizen Involvement. Rockville, Md.: Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. 1987. Daly, N.C., and P.J. Morehead. Evaluation of Community Policing: Final Report of the Community Survey and Police Department Internal Survey. St. Petersburg, Florida: St. Petersburg Police Department. 1992. Donovan, E.J., and W.F. Walsh. “Private Security and Community Policing: Evaluation and Comment.” Journal of Criminal Justice. 17(3)(1989). Freeman, Michael A. “Community-Oriented Policing.” MIS Report. International City Management Association. 24(9)(September 1989). Friedmann, Robert R. “Community Policing: Promises and Challenges.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 6(2)(May 1990). Greene, Jack R. “Foot Patrol and Community Policing: Past Practices and Future Prospects.” American Journal of Police. 6(1)(Spring 1987). Greene, Jack R., and Stephan D. Mastrofski. Community Policing: Rhetoric or Reality. New York: Praeger Publishers. 1988. Hall, D.L. “Community Policing: An Overview of the Literature.” Public Policy Report. 1(1)(June 1990). Ikuteyijo, L. (2009), “The Challenges of Community Policing in Nigeria”, International Journal of Police Science and Management Vol. 11 No. 3 Imobighe, T.A., 1990 Kelling, George L. Police and Communities: The Quiet Revolution. Perspectives on Policing. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice and John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. 1988:p.5. Lanre Ikuteyijo and Kemi Rotimi (2012) Community Partnership in Policing: the Nigerian Experience. The Police Journal: June 2012, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 123-131. Nworgu, I. (1991); Advanced Statistical Methods; Longman Publishers, Enugu State, Nigeria. Odinkalu, A. (2005); When did Police Become (y)our Friend? Changing Roles of Civil Society in Promoting Safety and Security in Nigeria. Oettmeier, Timothy N., and William H. Beck. Developing a Policing Style for Neighborhood Policing. Executive Session #1. Houston: Houston Police Department. 1987:pp.12–13. Olujinmi, A. (2005); Crime and Policing in Nigeria, A Keynote address delivered at the National Security Summit. Onoja, A.F. (2007), “Sustaining a Tradition of Policing Through Alienation: An Assessment of Recruitment and Training in the Colonial and Postcolonial Nigeria Police”, Afrika Zamani, Nos. 13 & 14, 2005–2006, pp.137–151 Otubu, A Rotimi, K. (2001); The Police in a Federal State: The Nigerian Experience, Ibadan, College Press Limited. Sparrow, Malcolm K. Implementing Community Policing. Perspectives on Policing. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice and John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. 1988:p.2. Tamuno, T.N. (1970); The Police in Modern Nigeria, Ibadan, University of Ibadan Press. Trojanowicz, Robert C. An Evaluation of the Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program in Flint, Michigan. East Lansing: Michigan State University. 1982:p.86. See also Trojanowicz, Robert C Wolfers, A, 1962. National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol, in: Discord and Collaboration. Essays on International Politics John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, pp. 147-165.