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Assessing a Firm's Future Financial Health Translation Version
HBS 201-077

재무비율과 재무분석(Financial Ratios & Financial Anlysis)

사업체를 위한 financial data로는 i/s와 b/s가 있다. I/S손익계산서는 일정기간 동안의 revenue, expenses를 요약하고, B/S대차대조표는 기업의 자산, 부채, 주주지분의 리스트이다.

손익계산서와 대차대조표를 이용하여 아래와 같은 재무비율을 계산할 수 있다. 1. Profitability ratios (수익성 비율) 2. Activity ratios (활동성 비율) 3. Leverage ratios (레버리지 비율) 4. Liquidity ratios (유동성 비율)

수익성 비율(Profitability Ratios) 수익성은 장기적으로 볼 때 중요한 요소이며, 수익성의 레벨은 1) 기업의 부채금융(debt finance)으로의 접근 2) 기업의 보통주자본금(common stock)에 대한 평가(valuation) 3) 보통주자본금(common stock)을 발행하고 싶은 기업의 의지, 그리고 4) 기업의 지속적인 성장률에 많은 영향을 끼친다. 비즈니스의 수익성을 측정하는 방법 중 하나가 profit as a percentage of sales이다. 그리고 이는 수익성 비율 방정식(profitability ratio equation)에 의해 결정된다.
Net profit after taxes
-------------------------- = profit as a percentage of sales
Net sales

기업의 profit as a percentage of sales 를 결정하는데 꼭 필요한 정보는 기업의 ____I/S____에서 찾을 수 있다.

1. Magnetronics’ 1999년 profit as a percentage of sales는 $1,307 나누기 $48,769, 이거나 2.7%. 2. 이것은 1995년의 3.6% 에서 증가/감소 했음을 나타낸다. 3. 수익성의 하락은 cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales의 증가/감소, operating expenses as a percentage of sales의 증가/감소에 의한 것이다. 유일하게 좋은 영향을 끼친 것은 tax rates의 감소 밖에 없다.

경영진과 투자자들은 종종 profits as a percentage of sales의 단계보다 return earned on the funds invested에 더 관심을 갖는다. 자산에 아주 적은 투자를 필요로 하는 비즈니스를 운영하는 기업들은 종종 낮은 profit margin을 갖는다. 하지만 투자한 펀드에 대해 대단한 이자를 얻는다. 정반대로, capital-intensive 한 비즈니스를 운영하며 꽤 좋은 Profit margin을 가지고 있음에도 불구하고, 굉장히 낮은 펀드투자 이익을 얻는 많은 기업의 예가 있다.

그러므로 (기업의 비이자발생부채interest-bearing debt)에 있는 투자자들과 주주들에 의해 제공된 Return earned on the fund를 살펴보는게 유용하다. 기업의 비교가능성을 높이려면, EBIAT(earnings before interest but after taxes)을 수익의 측정기구로 사용하는 것이 유용하다. 수익의 측정도로 ebiat를 이용하는 것은 기업의 수익성의 장기적 적절성adequacy를 결정하기 위해 분석가가 기업의 cost of capital 측정치와 invested capital(calculated before the deduction of interest expense)의 수익을 비교하는 것이 가능하게 한다.

4. Magnetronics는 1999년 기말에 총 $ 16,462 의 capital을, 그리고 1999년에는 $ 1,824 의 EBIAT 가지고 있었다. 이 기업의 return on invested capital의

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