Assignment

School of Management
Royal Holloway, University of London

Entrepreneurship Development for Cotton Ginning (in India)

By
Suraj Sanjay Malu MSc in Entrepreneurship School of Management 2011-12

Supervisor: - Nellika, Pushyarag.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my supervisors, friends and family, without their support this research study would not have been possible.

DECLARATION
I adjudge that the entire content of this dissertation is entirely my own work; the content used in this dissertation has not been submitted before in any educational institution and represents my own opinion.
Word Count: - 13313.
Name: - Suraj Sanjay Malu

Signed __________________ Date _________________

Abstract
We are surrounded by cotton throughout the day i.e. using towels to dry our face until we sleep on cotton sheets. All the parts of cotton plant are important of which the most important is its fiber which is used for making the cotton cloth. The fuzz on seed / linters provides cellulose used for making plastics, explosive, high quality paper products. Cottonseed is again manufactured to separate its products i.e. oil, meal, and hulls. Cotton seeds are usually grown in warm climate hence the world’s most cotton is grown in US, India, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan.

Most of the farmer in our country and the world are producing Cotton and supplying to the Cotton Ginnery. As the production increases the conventional methods of Ginnery are replaced by automatic Ginnery. This research paper discusses entrepreneurship development for cotton Ginning (in India) and conventional ginnery using pre-cleaner for removing the contaminants like trash, stem, leaves, immature locks etc. which is not being used by Ginners. Present scenario reveals that most of the handling operations are replaced by mechanized conveying, which may probably clean the cotton in various stages of transportation of cotton.

References: Arthur L. Roberts et.al. (2004) " Charges for Ginning Cotton”, USAD, Agriculture Marketing Service.1-3. Ahuja S L (2002), “Analysis in Eleven Cotton Growing States for Implementation of Water Saving Device Component Under ICDP Cotton Scheme”, Agricultural Situation in India, June, pp. 107-110. Askary, H Audibert, M., J. Mathonnat and M-C Henri (2003) ‗Social and Health Determinants of the Efficiency of Cotton Farmers‘, Social Science & Medicine, 56(8): 1705-1717. Baden, S. and E. Alpert (2007) Pricing Farmers Out of Cotton, Oxfam Briefing Paper, March, Oxfam International. Badiane, O., D. Ghura, L. Goreux and P. Masson (2002) Cotton Sector Strategies in West and Central Africa, International Monetary Fund, African Department, Working Paper 02/173, Washington DC.: International Monetary Fund. Baffes, J. and M. Gautam (1996) ‗Price Responsiveness, Efficiency, and the Impact of Structural Adjustment on Egyptian Crop Producers‘, World Development, 24(4): 765-771. Baffes, John (2004a). “Cotton: Market Setting, Trade Policies, and Issues.” Policy Research Working Paper no 3218, February 2004 (www.econ.worldbank.org). Bakker, E.J., H. Hengsdijk and K. Sissoko (2007) ‗Sustainable Land Use in the Sudano-Sahelien Zone of Mali: Exploring Economically Viable Option Using Multiple Goal Linear Programming‘, NJAS wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 46(1): 1-12. Bankker, R.D., A. Charnes, and W.W. Cooper (2004) ‗Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis‘, Management Sciences, 30(9): 1078-1092. Bardhan, P. (2006) Institutions, Trade and Economic Development, UNCTAD Paper, Geneva: UNCTAD, http://emlab.berkeley.edu/users/webfac/bardhan/papers/InstTrade.pdf Bassett, T.J Basu A K, Narayanan S S and Phundhan Singh (1992), “Cotton Production and Improvement in India”, Agricultural Situation in India, August. Basu Arindam and Chellamani K P (2006), “Present Status and Future Need of Extra- Long Staple Cotton in India”, The Indian Textile Journal, Vol. CXVII, No. 3, pp. 19-23. Battese, G. E. and S.S. Broca (1997) ‗Functional Forms of Stochastic Frontier Production Functions and Models for Technical Inefficiency Effects: A Comparative Study for Wheat Farmers in Pakistan‘, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 8: 395-414. Battese, G.E. and T.J. Coelli (1988) ‗Prediction of Firm-Level Technical Efficiencies with a Generalized Frontier Production Function and Panel Data‘, Journal of Econometrics, 38(3): 387-399. Battese, G.E. and T.J. Coelli (1992) ‗Frontier Production Functions, Technical Efficiency and Panel Data: With Application to Paddy Farmers in India‘, The Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3: 153-169. Battese, G.E. and T.J. Coelli (1993) A Stochastic Frontier Production Function Incorporating a Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects, Working Paper, no. 69, Australia: University of New England. Battese, G.E. and T.J. Coelli (1995) ‗A Model of Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data‘, Empirical Economics, 20: 325-332. Benjaminsen T.A., J.B. Aune and D. Sidibe (2010) ‗A Critical Political Ecology of Cotton and Soil Fertility in Mali‘, Geoforum, 41(4): 647-656. Bergamaschi, I. (2008) Mali: Patterns and Limits of Donor-Driven Ownership, Global Economic Governance, Working Paper 2008/41. Besley, T. and S. Coate (1995) ‗Group Lending, Repayment Incentives and Social Collateral‘, Journal of Development Economics, 46(1): 1-18. Bhandari, A.K. and P. Maiti (2007) ‗Efficiency of Indian Manufacturing Firms: Textile Industry as a Case Study‘, International Journal of Business and Economics, 6(1): 71-88. Bhattacharyya, S. (2008) Trade Liberalization and Institutional Development, Working Paper, no. 2008/13, The Australian National University, Australia. Bingen, J.R. (1998) ‗Cotton, Democracy and Development in Mali‘, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(2): 265-285. Booth, D. (2009) Elites, Governance, and the Public Interest in Africa: Working with the Grain? Africa, Power and Politics Programme, Discussion Paper, no. 6. Bourdet,Y (2004) A Tale of Three Countries—Structure, Reform, and Performance of the Cotton Sector in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Benin. Country Economic Report 2. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish International Development Cooperative Agency. Brambilla, I. and G.G. Porto (2007) Market Structure, Outgrower Contracts and Farm Output. Evidence from Cotton Reforms in Zambia, Policy Research, Working Paper, Washington DC.: World Bank. Bravo-Ureta, B. and R.E. Evenson (1994) ‗Efficiency in Agricultural Production: The Case of Peasant Farmers in Eastern Paraguay‘, Agricultural Economics, 10: 27-37. Cabanilla, L., T. Abdoulaye and J.H. Sanders (2005) ‗Economic Costs of Non-Adoption of Bt-cotton in West Africa: With Special Reference to Mali‘, International Journal of Biotechnology, 7(1/2/3): 46–61. Cameron, C.A. and P.K. Trivedi (2005) Microeconometrics: Methods and Application. New York : Cambridge University Press Campbell, B., G Creswell, J., (2005), “Educational Research,” 2nd edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc, pp. 58-97 Chakraborty, K Charnes A., W.W. Cooper and E. Rhodes (2008) ‗Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units‘, European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6): 429-444. Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper and E. Rhodes (2001) ‗Evaluating Program and Managerial Efficiency: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis to Program Follow Through‘, Management Sciences, 27(6): 668-697. Coelli, T.J. (1998) ‗A Multi-Stage Methodology for the Solution of Orientated DEA Models‘, Operations Research Letters, 23: 143–149. Coelli, T.J., S. Perelman and E. Romano (1999) ‗Accounting for Environmental Influences in Stochastic Frontier Models: With Application to International Airlines‘, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 11: 251-273. Furubotn Eirik G and Richter Rudolf (2000), Institutions and Economic Theory: The Contribution of the New Institutional Economics, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Hennessy David A (1996) “Information Asymmetry as a Reason for Food Industry Vertical Integration”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 78, November, pp. 1034-1043. Indra Doraiswamy, P.Chellamani, (1993) "Cotton Ginning”, The Textile Institute, Manchester,UK, Vol.24,No.2, 1-28. Jairam (2006), “Sources of Information in Cotton Farming: A Case Study in Warangal District”, Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Hyderabad. Kilmer Richard L (1986), “Vertical Integration in Agricultural and Food Marketing”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Proceedings Issue, Vol. 68, No. 5, pp. 1155-1160. Malone, T. W., & Crowston K. (1994).  The interdisciplinary study of coordination Mannikar N D and Basu A K (1992), “A Critical Appraisal of Low Productivity of Cotton in Rainfed Regions”, Agricultural Situation in India, September. Murthy Ramana R V (2004), “New Institutional Economics: A Unified Theory of Markets and Governance”, The IUP Journal of Managerial Economics, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 38-45. Murthy Ramana R V (2010), “Vertical Integration Models in Indian Agriculture: A Study of Cotton Supply Chain (with a Focus on Andhra Pradesh)”, Report of the Major Research Project Submitted to University Grants Commission, New Delhi. 11. Narayanan S S (1994), “Prospects for Cotton Production Increase by the Year 2000 and Recommendation for Action”, Agricultural Situation in India, November. North Douglas (1990), “A Transactions Cost Theory of Exchange” in Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Patil, S.K. Shukla, 2008. “Effect of Spiked Cylinder and Saw band Pre-Cleaner on Trash Removal Efficiency and Properties of Cotton.”, Journal of Agriculture Engineering 45(2),66-70. Poulton, C.; Gibbon, P.; Hanyani-Mlambo, B.; Kydd, J.; Maro, W.; Nylandsted Larsen, M.; Osorio, A.; Tschirley, D. and Zulu, B. (2004) ‘Competition and Coordination in Liberalized African Cotton Market Systems’. Punitha N (1994), “Pesticide use Pattern of Cotton Growers”, Artha Vikas, Vol. 28, Nos. 1-4, pp. 43-48. Shetty (2008), “India’s Credit Policy”, in R Radhakrishna (Ed.), India Development Report, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Ramasundaram P, Rajendra Ingle, Sonali Dhote and Phundan Singh (2005), “Cost of Cultivation of Cotton”, Financing Agriculture: An Inhouse Journal of Agricultural Finance Corporation Limited, Vol. 37, January-March. Ray, (2008), “Alternative Configurations in a Cylinder-Type Cleaner for Seed Cotton”, American Society of Agriculture and Biological Engineers,Vol.22(5),643-649. Rao Narasimha P and Suri K C (2006), “Dimensions of Agrarian Distress in Andhra Pradesh”, Economic and Political Weekly, April 22. SIMA Review (2005), “Cotton Contamination Causes and Remedies”, August, pp. 10-16. Sailaja A (2007), “Cotton Cultivation in Andhra Pradesh: An Empirical Analysis of Acreage Response and Price”, Unpublished, M.Phil. Thesis, University of Hyderabad. Sharma Vijay, 1998, "Cotton Production in India: Performance, Prospects and Constraints”, Productivity Journal, Vol. 39, 483-498. Tschirley, David L., Colin Poulton, and Patrick Labaste (Eds.). 2009. Organization and Performance of Cotton Sectors in Africa: Learning From Reform Experience. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.