Asthma Research Paper
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT IN ASTHMA DRUG COMPOUNDS
In finding the treatment of asthma, more than hundred years of research has been put into the development of introducing the right agent triggering a specific response; Salbutamol as a ventolin inhaler, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist. This research report addresses the main compound that was considered as a “hit” in reversing the airway obstruction and why other compounds such as epinephrine and isoprenaline were neglected over salbutamol.
A compound known as epinephrine in adrenaline injection was first addressed for the treatment of asthma in 1903 by Bullowa & Kaplan. Few years later its usage soon came to an end when it had been found to cause unwanted effects on cardiovascular system. …show more content…
The effect on treating airway obstruction was promising however like the epinephrine effect on cardiovascular system was still seen. Salbutamol was then introduced by Allen & Hanburys in 1969, which is currently the most suited remedy for asthma. They are highly effective, had much longer duration than the previous drugs and had little or no cardiovascular side effects.
It was the subdivision of β-receptors into 2 β1 (cardiac muscle) and β2 (bronchial smooth muscle) that allowed salbutamol inhaler to be developed (Lands et al., 1967. By understanding the existence of these subdivisions, salbutamol was made with more selectivity on β2 receptor and hence showing hardly any side effects on cardiovascular system. Tests to show the specificity of salbutamol have been conducted on an isolated guinea pig, salbutamol showed 1/10 activity of adrenaline on trachea and 1/2000 activity on atria (Cullum et al., 1969). Isoprenaline and epinephrine were neglected over salbutamol since they are both β1 and β2 non-selective agent, they …show more content…
Effects of salbutamol and isoprenaline-phenylephrine in reversible airways obstruction. British medical journal 1(5799): 539-542.
Berend N, Marlin GE (1978). Characterization of beta-adrenoceptor subtype mediating the metabolic actions of salbutamol. British journal of clinical pharmacology 5(3): 207-211.
Brittain RT, Farmer JB, Jack D, Martin LE, Simpson WT (1968). Alpha-[(t-Butylamino)methyl]-4-hydroxy-m-xylene-alpha 1,alpha 3-diol (AH.3365): a selective beta-adrenergic stimulant. Nature 219(5156): 862-863.
Bylund DB (2007). Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors: Ahlquist's landmark hypothesis of a single mediator with two receptors. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 293(6): E1479-1481.
Cullum VA, Farmer JB, Jack D, Levy GP (1969). Salbutamol: a new, selective beta-adrenoceptive receptor stimulant. British journal of pharmacology 35(1): 141-151.
Lands AM, Arnold A, McAuliff JP, Luduena FP, Brown TG, Jr. (1967). Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines. Nature 214(5088): 597-598.
Maclagan J, Ney UM (1979). Investigation of the mechanism of propranolol-induced bronchoconstriction. British journal of pharmacology 66(3):
In finding the treatment of asthma, more than hundred years of research has been put into the development of introducing the right agent triggering a specific response; Salbutamol as a ventolin inhaler, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist. This research report addresses the main compound that was considered as a “hit” in reversing the airway obstruction and why other compounds such as epinephrine and isoprenaline were neglected over salbutamol.
A compound known as epinephrine in adrenaline injection was first addressed for the treatment of asthma in 1903 by Bullowa & Kaplan. Few years later its usage soon came to an end when it had been found to cause unwanted effects on cardiovascular system. …show more content…
The effect on treating airway obstruction was promising however like the epinephrine effect on cardiovascular system was still seen. Salbutamol was then introduced by Allen & Hanburys in 1969, which is currently the most suited remedy for asthma. They are highly effective, had much longer duration than the previous drugs and had little or no cardiovascular side effects.
It was the subdivision of β-receptors into 2 β1 (cardiac muscle) and β2 (bronchial smooth muscle) that allowed salbutamol inhaler to be developed (Lands et al., 1967. By understanding the existence of these subdivisions, salbutamol was made with more selectivity on β2 receptor and hence showing hardly any side effects on cardiovascular system. Tests to show the specificity of salbutamol have been conducted on an isolated guinea pig, salbutamol showed 1/10 activity of adrenaline on trachea and 1/2000 activity on atria (Cullum et al., 1969). Isoprenaline and epinephrine were neglected over salbutamol since they are both β1 and β2 non-selective agent, they …show more content…
Effects of salbutamol and isoprenaline-phenylephrine in reversible airways obstruction. British medical journal 1(5799): 539-542.
Berend N, Marlin GE (1978). Characterization of beta-adrenoceptor subtype mediating the metabolic actions of salbutamol. British journal of clinical pharmacology 5(3): 207-211.
Brittain RT, Farmer JB, Jack D, Martin LE, Simpson WT (1968). Alpha-[(t-Butylamino)methyl]-4-hydroxy-m-xylene-alpha 1,alpha 3-diol (AH.3365): a selective beta-adrenergic stimulant. Nature 219(5156): 862-863.
Bylund DB (2007). Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors: Ahlquist's landmark hypothesis of a single mediator with two receptors. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 293(6): E1479-1481.
Cullum VA, Farmer JB, Jack D, Levy GP (1969). Salbutamol: a new, selective beta-adrenoceptive receptor stimulant. British journal of pharmacology 35(1): 141-151.
Lands AM, Arnold A, McAuliff JP, Luduena FP, Brown TG, Jr. (1967). Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines. Nature 214(5088): 597-598.
Maclagan J, Ney UM (1979). Investigation of the mechanism of propranolol-induced bronchoconstriction. British journal of pharmacology 66(3):