The degrees of unsaturation formula, Eq. 1, was applied, and the molecule was found to have 4 degrees of unsaturation. : [(2 + 2(9) – 12)/2] = 4. It was noted that this is highly suggestive of a benzene ring, so the IR spectroscopy was analyzed for the presence of a benzene ring functional group. Aromatic benzene rings typically show IR peaks in the 1400-1500 and 3000-3100 cm-1 range. The signals seen on the IR of the unknown at 1454 and 3028 cm-1 range confirm the presence of an aromatic ring. Further analysis of the IR shows the presence of an OH functional group at 3339; OH functional groups typically appear at 3200-3500 cm-1 on IR. Notably absent on the IR are signals that would suggest double or triple bonds, see Table…
Sodium Benzoate is a common food preservative found in jellies, jams, sodas, fruit juices, etc... Its acid, Benzoic Acid, is an organic preservative that stops the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds.…
January 2013: Jones confirmed that Toolittle found high levels of benzene in the Molivar Water Supply. pg. 58…
This element was discovered by Friedrich ernst Dorn a German Chemistry. It was founded in 1900. It was discovered while studying Radion Dk chain.…
Chlorine, with an atomic number of 17, would be expected to have ___ electrons in its outer shell.…
Lab 6: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution(1) Nitration of Methyl Benzoate(2) Synthesis of 1,4-Di-t-butyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzene byFriedel-Crafts Alkylation of 1,4-DimethoxybenzenePurpose1)To carry out the nitration of methyl benzoate, and then identify the major product formed (position at which nitro-group substitution takes place) by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), the percent yield and the melting point range.…
The structure of benzene was a focus for many years. Although it was agreed that benzene contained three double bonds, a structure to explain its high stability was not suggested until 1866 by German chemist August Kekulé.1 His theory suggested that benzene was a hexagonal molecule containing three, alternating double bonds. This theory gave insight that lead to the field of aromaticity. After examining benzene’s heat of hydrogenation, Kekulé’s model was still not sufficient in explaining benzene’s stability. His theory was eventually replaced by resonance theory, which asserts that benzene does not have three alternating double bonds, but rather it has six pi electrons that are equally delocalized over the ring. A simple depiction is a hybrid of both of Kekulé’s structures (Scheme 1).…
The objective of the experiment was to reduce Benzil, using sodium borohyride as the reducing agent. In a benzil reduction, there are five possible products than can occur, specifically a racemic mixture of benzoin, racemic mixture of hydrobenzoin, or meso-hydrobenzoin. Therefore, three different tests were conducted in determining the identity of the product: melting point, thin light chromatography, and infrared spectroscopy.…
Since simple distillation is a physical process, it separated the two chemicals from the mixture based on how easily they vaporize. As the mixture was heated, the temperature rose until it reached the temperature of the lowest boiling substance in the mixture which was cyclohexane. The temperature at which the first drop was collected was 79.5oC and the distillation of cyclohexane was stopped when the still-head temperature was 94.5oC . Therefore, the boiling range of cyclohexane in this experiment was 79.5oC- 94.5oC.The resultant hot vapor passed through into the condenser and was converted into liquid, which was then collected into a graduated cylinder. During this time, the ethyl benzene remained in its original phase. Since cyclohexane had a lower boiling point, it is considered to be more volatile in comparison to ethyl benzene. After a plateau in temperature was observed, the temperature was increased in order for ethyl benzene to reach its boiling point. The temperature at which ethyl benzene was collected was 127oC and the distillation of ethyl benzene was stopped when the still-head temperature was 138.5oC. The boiling range for ethyl benzene was observed to be in between 127oC-138.5oC. The liquids were collected in increments of 4mL. The first 28mL collected were of cyclohexane and the last 16 mL collected were of ethyl benzene,…
Finding the melting point of an organic substance is a practical and efficient way for scientists to identify an unknown substance or determine a known substance's level of purity. When organic substances are mixed together in varying degrees they take on a melting characteristic that is lower and broader than in its pure form. This property was manipulated in the lab to observe the various melting points of Naphthalene and Biphenyl when the percentage of composition was altered. A eutectic point of 45 °C at 52% Naphthalene was determined from the class data. An unknown crystalline substance was identified to be Benzophenone by mixing and finding its melting point with known substances.…
It07: Benzocaine. Chemistry Department Wiki, Imperial College London. Modified 7 December 2007. Accessed 28 September 2008. Available from https://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/wiki/index.php/It07:Benzocaine…
As predicted from the Journal of Chemical Education articles, three methylcyclohexene products were observed. Their relative abundance measured by peak height was 80, 16, and 4%. The alkene products represented by these peaks apparently correspond to 1-methycyclehexene,…
There are several hundred PAHs, which usually occur as complex mixtures rather than as individual compounds. Benzo (a) pyrene is the most widely studied, being one of the most potent, hence most of the data in this document refers to B(a)P, although it seldom occurs in the environment on its own. For the general public, the main route of exposure to PAHs is from inhalation of ambient and indoor air or ingestion of food. Inhalation and skin absorption are the main routes of occupational exposure. Benzo(a)pyrene is readily absorbed following inhalation, ingestion and skin exposure. Following inhalation and ingestion, B(a)P is rapidly distributed to several tissues in rats, including the kidney, small intestine, trachea, stomach, testes, liver and oesophagus.…
This experiment was conducted to synthesize methyl benzoate from benzoic acid and methanol by using the Fischer esterification method. Methanol (12.5ml) and Benzoic acid (4.9 grams) are heated together in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid (1.5ml) until equilibrium is achieved. A reflux apparatus is set up for 1 hour to carry out the reaction at the boiling point of the solvent (Methanol, 2.5ml). Then, separation though an extraction apparatus and/ or separatory funnel got rid of the compounds, excluding dichloromethane, in a series of four steps. The basicity had to be tested to check and see whether the unreacted Benzoic acid was removed. Finally, the excess water had to be removed as well to achieve a pure dichloromethane organic layer that would be used for simple distillation. The distillation apparatus separated the dichloromethane from the methyl benzoate by difference in temperature. The Methyl Benzoate could only be achieved when the temperature climbed to 198-199 Celsius. The product will be obtained if the steps are taken very carefully and accurately.…
This experiment was part two of a two part lab to convert benzaldehyde to Benzil. In the first experiment benzoin was synthesized via condensation reaction of benzaldehyde with a catalyst. The purpose of experiment two was oxidization of Benzoin to form Benzil in an acidic environment (Pavia). The crude product was obtain using reflux technique, the technique was use to supply the reaction of Benzoin with nitric acid with energy. The gas produce in the reaction was collected through gas trapping technique and Recrystallization technique was then used to purified the product. Product was analyzed based on Melting Point(MP), Inferred Spectroscopy (IR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).…