The alternative hypotheses would be the creation of QMusic would create and promote future stars, which in the long run will save PepsiCo an enormous amount of
money. The null hypothesis: The only reason PepsiCo created QMusic was because they didn’t want to work with overpaid and sometimes controversial superstars in the United States. They way they might test both of theses hypothesis to determine which is more reasonable is by observing the finical statements from the celebrity in America and China. This would show how much money the company is saving and losing from the different countries.
A study of more than 4,500 students in fifth through eighth grades found that children who watch R-rated movies, which often portray high levels of smoking, were fifteen times more likely to try smoking than were children whose parents limited them to G and PG movies.
What factor is identified as cause = R-rated movies
What is the supposed effect = fifteen times more likely to try smoking
The only problem I see in the casual reasoning is that we cannot official determine that R-rated movies is the main reason for increasing the attempt to try smoking.