Attitudes of Females in Singapore toward Vaccination for Human Papillomavirus
Content Page Content Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Scope 1.4 Organisation Chapter 2 : Research Method 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sample 2.3 Research instruments/materials 2.4 Data collection method/procedure 2.5 Data analysis method 2.6 Conclusion Chapter 3 : Results and Discussion 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The relationship between awareness and willingness 3.3 Factors that influence decision to take the vaccine 3.3.1 Need for more information 3.3.2. Presence of unknown side-effects 3.3.3 Necessity versus Urgency of the vaccine 3.4 The preferred media for HPV and the vaccine 3.4.1 TV/ radio 3.4.2 Public campaigns/school 3.5 Conclusion 9 9 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 20 5 5 5 7 7 8 3 4 4 4 Page
Chapter 4 :Conclusion Reference List Appendix I : Survey on the Attitude of Females in Singapore towards Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Appendix II : Survey Results
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Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background Cervical cancer is one of the top 5 most common causes of cancer deaths among women in Singapore [1,2]. Every year, an average of 85 women passed away from cervical cancer [2]. 99% of cervical cancer is caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV). To be more specific, HPV types 16 and 18 have shown to be responsible for 70% of cervical cancer cases in Singapore [3,4]. HPV infects the skin and mucous membrane and 40 types of HPV are sexually transmitted [5]. The virus can result in the abnormal proliferation of cells, causing them to form tumors and eventually, cancer [4]. Nevertheless, the risk of contracting cervical cancer can be reduced with the use of the vaccine, Cervarix. It contains inactivated extracts of HPV and when injected, will elicit an immune response to produce antibodies against HPV types 16 and 18 [6]. Cervarix has been approved for use in more than 100 countries around the world and in all the 27 European Union states [7]. It is approved for used in Singapore since year 2007. We suspect a low level of awareness to the
Chapter 4 :Conclusion Reference List Appendix I : Survey on the Attitude of Females in Singapore towards Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Appendix II : Survey Results
21 23 24 28
2
Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background Cervical cancer is one of the top 5 most common causes of cancer deaths among women in Singapore [1,2]. Every year, an average of 85 women passed away from cervical cancer [2]. 99% of cervical cancer is caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV). To be more specific, HPV types 16 and 18 have shown to be responsible for 70% of cervical cancer cases in Singapore [3,4]. HPV infects the skin and mucous membrane and 40 types of HPV are sexually transmitted [5]. The virus can result in the abnormal proliferation of cells, causing them to form tumors and eventually, cancer [4]. Nevertheless, the risk of contracting cervical cancer can be reduced with the use of the vaccine, Cervarix. It contains inactivated extracts of HPV and when injected, will elicit an immune response to produce antibodies against HPV types 16 and 18 [6]. Cervarix has been approved for use in more than 100 countries around the world and in all the 27 European Union states [7]. It is approved for used in Singapore since year 2007. We suspect a low level of awareness to the