Bafalo Spirit

The Split Cherry Tree (by Jesse Stuart)

Background information: The story takes place in Appalachia, a mountainous region in east USA. Despite its natural resources, the region was long poor. Many of the early settlers in Appalachia were poor farmers who were seeking cheap land. In the 19th century, most of the Appalachian economy was based on farming and agriculture. In addition, the educational system in the Appalachian region was weak due to lack of government funds and the mentality of the Appalachian inhabitants. On the one hand, those inhabitants valued honesty and hard work highly (like Pa from the story); on the other hand, they failed to see a practical need for formal education (in the beginning Pa doesn’t accept the form of education Dave receives in school). In the 20th century, a real change in education began in Appalachia, sometimes conflicting with the region’s traditional values (traditionalism VS modernism as we see in the story). Early 20th century writers portrayed the region’s inhabitants as uneducated people who often engage in impulsive acts of violence (see how Pa acts in the beginning when he wants to confront Professor Herbert violently). Although sociological studies have helped to stop these stereotypes, the image persists to this day.

About the author: Jesse Stuart, like Professor Herbert, was a teacher and involved in the changes in education. He taught in a rural school, which was changing from the traditional type of education to learning by “doing”. In the story Professor Herbert “does” and not only teaches. He takes his pupils on field trips. Even the punishment that he gives to the five boys and to Dave is meant to teach them a lesson and not to shame them. To sum up, there are many similarities between the author and the character of Professor Herbert. The story may contain autobiographical elements. In addition, the background information helps put the story in a wider social and historical context and this makes the story and the characters seem more authentic.

Themes: the inevitability (אי יכולתנו למנוע) of change and our reaction to it, acceptance or resistance and the generation gap.

Setting: The story takes place at the beginning of the 20th century on a farm and a high school in a rural area of east USA.

Literary terms: 1. Conflict. Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces. In the story we see the conflict between two opposing worldviews – traditionalism and modernism. 2. Point of view: The story is told from Dave’s point of view (first person narrator).

Characters: Dave, Pa and Professor Herbert. Dave and Pa are poor; Pa is uneducated and old-fashioned. He wears baggy clothes and looks big and frightening. He believes in strict discipline - “spare the rod, spoil the child” חוסך שבטו שונא בנו)). He isn’t familiar with the school system. Dave is torn between the educated and the educated (between traditionalism and modernism). After school he helps Pa on the farm. Professor Herbert is the educated person who teaches biology. It seems that Professor Herbert doesn’t live in the rural area and doesn’t realize how hard life on a poor farm is.

HOTS1: Explaining patterns (להסביר דפוסי פעולה או התנהגות). In literature we sometimes want to understand why a character behaves in this or that way or says this or that thing. We talk here about patterns of behavior.

HOTS2: Uncovering motives (חשיפת מניעים). We sometimes want to know why a character behaves in this or that way or why a person says this or that thing.

Analysis and interpretation

The story is based on dialogues between the characters. When Pa speaks, his language is poor, unclear and incorrect. When Professor Herbert speaks, his English is clear and correct. Dave’s English is clear and good most of the time. Each character speaks in a way that reflects his level of education. Pa uses a lot of slang and words that are specific to the poor area. His speech shows the lack of education. Unlike him, Professor Herbert speaks politely.

Pa believes that solving problems with physical force or violence is the best. We can see that he believes in the proverb “spare the rod, spoil the child” and would rather Professor Herbert whipped Dave. Pa doesn’t understand the punishment that Dave and his friends have got; he thinks that they should be punished physically. In the beginning, Pa wants to use his gun. He believes in immediate results and wants to see the results promptly. It’s possible that Pa was raised this way when he was young. Despite his strict personality, Pa educates Dave to be honest to people and nice to animals. We see that when he understands that Professor Herbert is right saying that Dave must work off his debt.

Pa represents the traditional worldview (traditionalism) and Professor Herbert represents the modern worldview (modernism). Pa has old-fashioned ideas about education and discipline. On the contrary, Professor Herbert doesn’t believe in whipping pupils and takes his class on field trips where he illustrates to them the subject of biology. The conflict between traditionalism and modernism is resolved when Pa joins Professor Herbert on a tour in school and learns things he didn’t know before. He realizes that the world had changed while he was raising a family and making a living. Traditional education is out of date. The author of the story shows this through Pa’s eyes because Pa understands this during the tour in school. Dave represents the younger generation who is supposedly adopting the modern worldview. He is the bridge between traditionalism and modernism. He respects his father and is proud of him most of the time, but also knows that he’s old-fashioned and unable to understand what he’s learning.

One message of the story is that it is impossible to fight change because the world moves on, and we must move with it or be left behind. Yet traditional values still exist and shouldn’t be ignored or forgotten.