Basic Spanish

1. BASIC PHRASES [pic] [pic] [pic]
|¡Buenos días! |¡Buenas tardes! |¡Buenas noches! |
|bway-nohs dee-ahs |bway-nahs tard-ays |bway-nahs noh-chays |
|Hello! / Good morning! |Good afternoon! |Good evening! / Good night! |
|¡Hola! / ¡Chao! |Adiós. |Por favor. |
|oh-lah / chow |ah-dee-ohs |por fah-bor |
|Hi! / Bye! |Good bye. |Please. |
|Hasta la vista / Hasta luego. |Hasta pronto. |Hasta mañana. |
|ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-stah loo-ay-go |ah-stah prohn-toh |ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah |
|See you / See you later. |See you soon. |See you tomorrow. |
|(Muchas) Gracias. |De nada. |Bienvenidos |
|(moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs |day nah-dah |byen-veh-nee-dohs |
|Thank you (very much). |You're welcome. |Welcome |
|Lo siento |Con permiso / Perdón / Disculpe |¡Vamos! |
|loh see-ehn-toh |kohn pehr-mee-soh / |bah-mohs |
|I'm sorry |pehr-dohn /dees-kool-peh |Let's go! |
| |Excuse me / Pardon me | |
|¿Cómo está usted? |¿Cómo estás? |¿Qué tal? |
|koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted |koh-moh ay-stahs |kay tahl |
|How are you? (formal) |How are you? (informal) |How's it going? |
|Bien / Muy bien |Mal / Muy mal / Más o menos |Sí / No |
|bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn |mahl / moy mahl / mahs oh may-nohs |see / noh |
|Good / Very good |Bad / Very bad / OK |Yes / No |
|¿Cómo se llama usted? |¿Cómo te llamas? |Me llamo... / Mi nombre es... |
|koh-moh say yah-mah oo-sted |koh-moh tay yah-mahs |may yah-moh / mee nohm-breh ess |
|What is your name? (formal) |What is your name? (informal) |My name is... |
|Mucho gusto. / Encantado. |Igualmente. |Señor / Señora / Señorita |
|moo-choh goo-stoh / en-cahn-tah-doh |ee-guahl-mehn-tay |sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah / |
|Nice to meet you. |Same here. / Same to you. |sayn-yor-ee-tah |
| | |Mister / Mrs. / Miss |
|¿De dónde es usted? |¿De dónde eres? |Yo soy de... |
|day dohn-day ehs oo-sted |day dohn-day eh-rehs |yoh soy day |
|Where are you from? (formal) |Where are you from? (informal) |I'm from... |
|¿Cuántos años tiene usted? |¿Cuántos años tienes? |Yo tengo _____ años. |
|quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ay-nay oo-sted |quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ayn-ays |yoh tayn-goh _____ ahn-yohs |
|How old are you? (formal) |How old are you? (informal) |I am _____ years old. |
|¿Habla usted español? |¿Hablas inglés? |(No) Hablo... |
|ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahn-yol |ah-blahs een-glehs |noh ah-bloh |
|Do you speak Spanish? (formal) |Do you speak English? (informal) |I (don't) speak... |
|¿Entiende usted? / ¿Entiendes? |(No) Entiendo. |Yo (no lo) sé. |
|ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehn-tyen-dehs |noh ehn-tyen-doh |yoh noh loh seh |
|Do you understand? (formal / informal) |I (don't) understand. |I (don't) know. |
|¿Puede ayudarme? |Claro / Claro que sí |¿Cómo? |
|pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-meh |klah-roh / klah-roh keh see |koh-moh |
|Can you help me? (formal) |Sure / Of course |What? Pardon me? |
|¿Dónde está / Dónde están... ? |Aquí / Ahí |Hay / Había... |
|dohn-deh eh-stah / dohn-deh eh-stahn |ah-kee / ah-ee |eye / ah-bee-ah |
|Where is ... / Where are ... ? |Here / There |There is / are... / There was / were... |
|¿Cómo se dice ____ en español? |¿Qué es esto? |¿Qué te pasa? |
|koh-moh seh dee-seh ___ en eh-spahn-yol |keh ehs ehs-toh |keh teh pah-sah |
|How do you say ____ in Spanish? |What is that? |What's the matter (with you)? |
|No importa. |¿Qué pasa? |Sin novedad. |
|noh eem-por-tah |keh pah-sah |seen noh-veh-dahd |
|It doesn't matter. |What's happening? |Nothing much. |
|No tengo ninguna idea. |¡Buena idea! |¡Pase! |
|noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah ee-deh-ah |bweh-nah ee-deh-ah |pah-seh |
|I have no idea. |Good idea! |Go ahead! |
|Estoy cansado / enfermo. |Tengo hambre / sed. |Tengo calor / frío. |
|eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehn-fehr-moh |tehn-goh ahm-breh / sed |tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-oh |
|I'm tired / sick. |I'm hungry / thirsty. |I'm hot / cold. |
|Estoy aburrido. |No me importa. |No se preocupe. |
|eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-doh |noh meh eem-por-tah |noh seh preh-oh-koo-peh |
|I'm bored. |I don't care. |Don't worry |
|Está bien. |Me olvidé. |Tengo que ir ahora. |
|ehs-tah bee-ehn |meh ohl-vee-deh |tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-rah |
|That's alright. / It's ok. |I forgot. |I must go now. |
|¿Listo? |Quizás / Depende. |Todavía no. |
|lees-toh |kee-sahs / deh-pehn-deh |toh-dah-vee-ah noh |
|Ready? |Maybe / It depends. |Not yet. |
|¡Qué chistoso! |¡Que le vaya bien! |¡Nos vemos! |
|keh chees-toh-soh |keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn |nohs veh-mos |
|How funny! |Have a nice day! |We'll see you! |
|¡Salud! |¡Felicitaciones! |¡Buena suerte! |
|sah-lood |feh-lee-see-tah-see-oh-nehs |bweh-nah swehr-teh |
|Bless you! |Congratulations! |Good luck! |
|Te toca a ti. |¡Callate! |Te amo. |
|teh toh-kah ah tee |kah-yah-teh |tay ah-moh |
|It's your turn. (informal) |Shut up! |I love you. (informal and singular) |

2. PRONUNCIATION
|Spanish Letter |English Sound |
|a |ah |
|e |ay |
|i |ee |
|o |oh |
|u |oo |
|ll |y |
|v |b at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 vowels |
|ñ |ny (as in canyon) |
|r |almost like a d when in between 2 vowels |
|rr |r with a roll of the tongue |
|d |almost like a th when in between 2 vowels |
|j |hard h |
|g |g, sometimes a h |
|qu |k |
|ai / all / ay |eye |
|z |s |
|z, ce, ci |th (in northern Spain only) |

2. PRONUNCIATION
|Spanish Letter |English Sound |
|a |ah |
|e |ay |
|i |ee |
|o |oh |
|u |oo |
|ll |y |
|v |b at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 vowels |
|ñ |ny (as in canyon) |
|r |almost like a d when in between 2 vowels |
|rr |r with a roll of the tongue |
|d |almost like a th when in between 2 vowels |
|j |hard h |
|g |g, sometimes a h |
|qu |k |
|ai / all / ay |eye |
|z |s |
|z, ce, ci |th (in northern Spain only) |

3. ALPHABET [pic]
|a |ah |j |hoh-tah |r |air-ay |
|b |bay |k |kah |rr |airr-ay |
|c |say |l |ay-lay |s |ay-say |
|ch |chay |ll |ay-yay |t |tay |
|d |day |m |ay-may |u |oo |
|e |ay |n |ay-nay |v |bay chee-kah |
|f |ay-fay |ñ |ayn-yay |w |vay doh-blay |
|g |hey |o |oh |x |ah-kees |
|h |ah-chay |p |pay |y |ee-gree-ay-gah |
|i |ee |q |koo |z |say-tah |

5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS [pic] [pic]
|yo |yoh |I |nosotros / nosotras |noh-soh-trohs / |we |
| | | | |noh-soh-trahs | |
|tú |too |you (informal) |vosotros / vosotras |boh-soh-trohs / |you all |
| | | | |boh-soh-trahs | |
|él / ella /usted |ail / ay-yah / o|he / she / it / you|ellos / ellas /ustedes |ay-yohs / ay-yahs / |they / they / |
| |o-sted |(formal) | |oo-sted-ays |you (plural) |

6. TO BE & TO HAVE [pic] [pic] [pic]
|ser - to be |
|present |past |future |
|soy |I am |fui |I was |seré |I will be |
|eres |you are |fuiste |you were |serás |you will be |
|es |he/she/it is / you |fue |he/she/it was / you |será |he/she/it / you will |
| |are | |were | |be |
|somos |we are |fuimos |we were |seremos |we will be |
|sois |you are |fuisteis |you were |seréis |you will be |
|son |they / you are |fueron |they / you were |serán |they / you will be |
|estar - to be |
|present |past |future |
|estoy |I am |estuve |I was |estaré |I will be |
|estás |you are |estuviste |you were |estarás |you will be |
|está |he/she/it is / you |estuvo |he/she/it was / you |estará |he/she/it / you will |
| |are | |were | |be |
|estamos |we are |estuvimos |we were |estaremos |we will be |
|estáis |you are |estuvisteis |you were |estaréis |you will be |
|están |they / you are |estuvieron |they / you were |estarán |they / you will be |
|tener - to have |
|present |past |future |
|tengo |I have |tuve |I had |tendré |I will have |
|tienes |you have |tuviste |you had |tendrás |you will have |
|tiene |he/she/it has / you |tuvo |he/she/it / you had |tendrá |he/she/it / you will |
| |have | | | |have |
|tenemos |we have |tuvimos |we had |tendremos |we will have |
|tenéis |you have |tuvisteis |you had |tendréis |you will have |
|tienen |they / you have |tuvieron |they / you had |tendrán |they / you will have |

Highlighted forms are only used in Spain. [pic] Ser is used to identify or describe. It tells what something is, its basic characteristics, or its origin. Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels. Uses of Ser
|Identify person/object |El edificio es un templo. |The building is a temple. |
|Inherent characteristics |La casa es grande. |The house is large. |
|or qualities |Carlos es pobre. |Charles is poor. |
|Nationality/Occupation |Es carpintero. |He is a carpenter. |
|Telling time |Son las tres. |It's three o'clock. |
|Express ownership |Los libros son de Juan. |The books are John's. |
|Impersonal expressions |Es necesario. |It is necessary. |
|Passive voice |El teléfono fue inventado por Bell. |The telephone was invented by Bell. |

Uses of Estar
|Location/position |El libro está en la mesa. |The book is on the table. |
|Temporary condition/state |La ventana está abierta. |The window is open. |
|State of health |Juan está enfermo. |John is sick. |
|Form progressive tense |Miguel está estudiando. |Michael is studying. |

Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the meaning: ser aburrido means to be boring, while estar aburrido means to be bored. Others include: ser bueno - to be nice, estar bueno - to be in good health; ser callado- to be discrete, estar callado - to be silent; ser moreno - to have brown hair, estar moreno - to be tan. Many common expressions using the verb "be" in English use the verb "tener" in Spanish (but not all):
|to be afraid |tener miedo |to be in a hurry |tener prisa, estar de prisa |
|to be against |estar en contra |to be jealous |tener celos |
|to be at fault |tener la culpa |to be lucky |tener suerte |
|to be careful |tener cuidado |to be patient |tener paciencia |
|to be cold |tener frío |to be sleepy |tener sueño |
|to be curious |ser curioso/a |to be successful |tener éxito |
|to be happy |estar contento/a |to be thirsty |tener sed |
|to be hot |tener calor |to be tired |estar cansado/a |
|to be hungry |tener hambre |to be ___ years old |tener ___ años |

[pic] 7. QUESTION WORDS [pic] [pic] [pic]
|what |qué |which |cuál(es) |
|who |quién(es) |how much |cuánto (-a) |
|how |cómo |how many |cuántos (-as) |
|when |cuándo |whom |a quién(es) |
|where |dónde |whose |de quién(es) |
|why |por qué | | |

[pic] 8. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS [pic] [pic] [pic]
|0 |cero |say-roh | | |
|1 |uno |oo-noh |first |primero |
|2 |dos |dohs |second |segundo |
|3 |tres |trays |third |tercero |
|4 |cuatro |kwah-troh |fourth |cuarto |
|5 |cinco |seen-koh |fifth |quinto |
|6 |seis |says |sixth |sexto |
|7 |siete |see-ay-tay |seventh |séptimo |
|8 |ocho |oh-choh |eighth |octavo |
|9 |nueve |new-ay-vay |ninth |noveno |
|10 |diez |dee-ays |tenth |décimo |
|11 |once |ohn-say |eleventh |undécimo |
|12 |doce |doh-say |twelfth |duodécimo |
|13 |trece |tray-say |thirteenth |décimo tercero |
|14 |catorce |kah-tor-say |fourteenth |décimo cuarto |
|15 |quince |keen-say |fifteenth |décimo quinto |
|16 |diez y seis |dee-ays ee says |sixteenth |décimo sexto |
|17 |diez y siete |dee-ays ee see-ay-tay |seventeenth |décimo séptimo |
|18 |diez y ocho |dee-ays ee oh-choh |eighteenth |décimo octavo |
|19 |diez y nueve |dee-ays ee new-ay-vay |nineteenth |décimo noveno |
|20 |veinte |bayn-tay |twentieth |vigésimo |
|21 |veinte y uno |bayn-tay ee oo-noh |twenty-first |vigésimo primero |
|22 |veinte y dos |bayn-tay ee dohs |twenty-second |vigésimo segundo |
|30 |treinta |trayn-tah |thirtieth |trigésimo |
|40 |cuarenta |kuar-ain-tah |fortieth |cuadragésimo |
|50 |cincuenta |seen-kuain-tah |fiftieth |quincuagésimo |
|60 |sesenta |say-sain-tah |sixtieth |sexagésimo |
|70 |setenta |say-tain-tah |seventieth |septuagésimo |
|80 |ochenta |oh-chain-tah |eightieth |octogésimo |
|90 |noventa |noh-bain-tah |ninetieth |nonagésimo |
|100 |cien(to) |see-ain-(toh) |hundredth |centésimo |
|1000 |mil |meel |thousandth |milésimo |

If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is ciento uno and 156 would beciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can use dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are pronounced the same but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as one word (veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the numbers. Primero and tercero drop the final -o when used directly before a noun.
[pic]
9. DAYS OF THE WEEK [pic] [pic]
|Monday |lunes |loo-nays |
|Tuesday |martes |mar-tays |
|Wednesday |miércoles |mee-air-coh-lays |
|Thursday |jueves |hway-bays |
|Friday |viernes |bee-air-nays |
|Saturday |sábado |sah-bah-doh |
|Sunday |domingo |doh-ming-oh |
|day |el día |dee-ah |
|week |la semana |say-mahn-ah |
|weekend |el fin de semana |feen day say-mahn-ah |
|today |hoy |oy |
|tonight |esta noche |es-tah noh-chay |
|last night |anoche |ah-noh-chay |
|yesterday |ayer |eye-yair |
|tomorrow |mañana |mahn-yahn-ah |
|my birthday |mi cumpleaños |mee coom-play-ahn-yohs |
|next |próximo / próxima |prok-see-moh / mah |
|last |pasado / pasada |pah-sah-doh / dah |
|day before yesterday |anteayer |ahn-teh-eye-yair |
|day after tomorrow |pasado mañana |pah-sah-doh mahn-yahn-ah |
|the following day |el día siguiente |dee-ah see-gwee-ehn-teh |
|the day before |la víspera |vees-peh-rah |

Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing. The definite article is not used after the verb ser, but at all other times it is required and there is slight change in meaning if it is singular or plural: el lunes = on Monday but los lunes = on Mondays
[pic]
10. MONTHS OF THE YEAR [pic] [pic]
|January |enero |ay-nair-oh |
|February |febrero |fay-bray-roh |
|March |marzo |mar-soh |
|April |abril |ah-breel |
|May |mayo |mi-oh |
|June |junio |hoo-nee-oh |
|July |julio |hoo-lee-oh |
|August |agosto |ah-gohs-toh |
|September |septiembre |sayp-tee-aim-bray |
|October |octubre |ohk-too-bray |
|November |noviembre |noh-bee-aim-bray |
|December |diciembre |dee-see-aim-bray |
|month |el mes |mais |
|first of [a month] |el primero de [month] |pree-mair-oh day _____ |
|year |el año |ahn-yoh |
|decade |la década |deh-kah-dah |
|century |el siglo |see-gloh |
|millennium |el milenio |mee-leh-nee-oh |

The preposition en is used with months: en abril = in April. Also notice that primero is used for the first of the month, but the rest of the days are referred to using the regular cardinal numbers: el primero de junio but el dos de julio. Months of the year are also all masculine and not capitalized in writing. ¿Cual es la fecha de hoy? What is today's date? Hoy es el primero de agosto. Today is August 1st.
[pic]
11. SEASONS [pic] [pic]
|spring |la primavera |in spring |en primavera |
|summer |el verano |in summer |en verano |
|winter |el invierno |in winter |en invierno |
|autumn |el otoño |in autumn |en otoño |

[pic] 12. DIRECTIONS [pic] [pic]
|to the right |a la derecha |
|to the left |a la izquierda |
|straight ahead |todo derecho |

|north |el norte |northeast |el noreste |
|south |el sur |northwest |el noroeste |
|east |el este |southeast |el sureste |
|west |el oeste |southwest |el suroeste |

[pic] 13. COLORS & SHAPES [pic] [pic] [pic]
|red |rojo / roja |circle |el círculo |
|pink |rosado / rosada |square |el cuadrado |
|orange |anaranjado / anaranjada |rectangle |el rectángulo |
|yellow |amarillo / amarilla |triangle |el triángulo |
|green |verde |oval |el óvalo |
|blue |azul |cube |el cubo |
|light blue |celeste |sphere |la esfera |
|purple |morado / morada |cylinder |el cilindro |
|violet |violeta |cone |el cono |
|brown |marrón |octagon |el octágono |
|black |negro / negra |box |la caja |
|gray |gris |pyramid |la pirámide |
|white |blanco / blanca | | |
|golden |dorado / dorada |dark |oscuro / oscura |
|silver |plateado / plateada |light |claro / clara |

All adjectives in Spanish are placed after the noun that they describe and they agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun. Notice that some colors do not change for gender (marrón) or number (gris). To change an adjective to the feminine form, you usually just change the final -o to -a. To make an adjective plural, simply add an -s. a red house = una casa roja
[pic]
14. TIME [pic] [pic]
|¿Qué hora es? |What time is it? |
|Es la una. |It's one. |
|Son las dos/tres/cuatro... |It's two/three/four... |
|Es mediodía. |It's noon. |
|Es medianoche. |It's midnight. |
|Son las cinco y cinco. |It's 5:05 |
|Son las ocho y cuarto. |It's 8:15 |
|Son las diez menos cuarto. |It's 9:45 |
|Son cuarto para las diez. |It's 9:45 (common in Mexico) |
|Son las nueve menos diez. |It's 8:50 |
|Son diez para las nueve. |It's 8:50 (common in Mexico) |
|Son las tres y media / treinta. |It's 3:30 |
|de la mañana |in the morning / AM |
|de la tarde |in the afternoon / PM |
|de la noche |in the evening / PM |
|en punto |exactly / sharp |
|¿A qué hora? |At what time? |

[pic] 15. WEATHER [pic] [pic]
|¿Qué tiempo hace? |What's the weather like? |
|Hace buen tiempo. |The weather's nice. |
|Hace mal tiempo. |The weather's bad. |
|Hace frío. |It's cold. |
|Hace calor. |It's hot. |
|Hace sol. |It's sunny. |
|Hace viento. |It's windy. |
|Hace fresco. |It's chilly. |
|Está nublado. |It's cloudy. |
|Hay niebla. |It's foggy. |
|Hay neblina. |It's misty. |
|Hay humedad. |It's humid. |
|Hay granizo. |It's hailing. |
|Llueve. |It's raining. |
|Nieva. |It's snowing. |
|Truena. |It's thundering. |
|Llovizna. |It's sprinkling. |

[pic] 16. PREPOSITIONS [pic] [pic]
|a |at, to |al lado de |beside, alongside of |
|con |with |alrededor de |around |
|contra |against |cerca de |near, close to |
|de |of, from |lejos de |far from |
|en |in, on |delante de |in front of |
|entre |between, among |debajo de |below, under |
|hacia |towards, about |en frente de |opposite |
|para |for, in order, by |detrás de |behind |
|por |for, through, along, via |encima de |above, on top of |
|sobre |on, over |hasta |till, until |
|sin |without |desde |from, since |

There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles. A and el combine to form al, and de and el combine to form del.
[pic]
17. FAMILY & ANIMALS [pic] [pic] [pic]
|family |la familia |cousin (m) |el primo |
|parents |los padres |cousin (f) |la prima |
|husband |el marido / el esposo |cousins |los primos |
|wife |la mujer / la esposa |relatives |los parientes |
|father / dad |el padre / el papá |stepfather |el padastro |
|mother / mom |la madre / la mamá |stepmother |la madrastra |
|son |el hijo |stepbrother |el hermanastro |
|daughter |la hija |stepsister |la hermanastra |
|children |los hijos |stepson |el hijastro |
|brother |el hermano |stepdaughter |la hijastra |
|sister |la hermana |godfather |el padrino |
|brothers & sisters |los hermanos |godmother |la madrina |
|only child (m) |el hijo único |baby |el bebé |
|only child (f) |la hija única |teenager |el adolescente |
|kid / boy |el muchacho |boy |el niño |
|kid / girl |la muchacha |girl |la niña |
|half-brother |el medio hermano |boys & girls |los niños |
|half-sister |la media hermana |man |el hombre |
|father-in-law |el suegro |woman |la mujer |
|mother-in-law |la suegra |adult |el adulto |
|brother-in-law |el cuñado |twins (m) |los gemelos |
|sister-in-law |la cuñada |twins (f) |las gemelas |
|son-in-law |el yerno |dog |el perro |
|daughter-in-law |la nuera |cat |el gato |
|grandfather |el abuelo |bird |el pájaro |
|grandmother |la abuela |fish |el pez |
|grandparents |los abuelos |gold fish |la carpa dorada |
|grandson |el nieto |horse |el caballo |
|granddaughter |la nieta |goat |la cabra |
|grandchildren |los nietos |pig |el cerdo |
|uncle |el tío |cow |la vaca |
|aunt |la tía |rabbit |el conejo |
|aunts & uncles |los tíos |turtle |la tortuga |
|nephew |el sobrino |mouse |el ratón |
|niece |la sobrina |deer |el ciervo |
|nieces & nephews |los sobrinos |duck |el pato |

[pic] 18. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS [pic] [pic]
|conocer - to know people |saber - to know facts |
|conozco |conocemos |sé |sabemos |
|conoces |conocéis |sabes |sabéis |
|conoce |conocen |sabe |saben |

[pic] 19. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS [pic] 1. If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make it plural: la casa → las casas 2. If a singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent, or y, add -es to make it plural: el papel → los papeles 3. Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es to form the plural: la luz → las luces 4. A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the plural: el lápiz → los lápices
[pic]
20. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES [pic]
| |Initial Forms |Terminal Forms |
| |singular |plural |singular |plural |
|my |mi |mis |mío / mía |míos / mías |
|your |tu |tus |tuyo / tuya |tuyos / tuyas |
|your/his/her/its |su |sus |suyo / suya |suyos / suyas |
|our |nuestro / nuestra |nuestros / nuestras |nuestro / nuestra |nuestros / nuestras |
|your |vuestro / vuestra |vuestros / vuestras |vuestro / vuestra |vuestros / vuestras |
|your/their |su |sus |suyo / suya |suyos / suyas |

Remember that vuestro forms are only used in Spain (just as the vosotros subject pronoun & verb conjugations are only used in Spain). Because su and sus can have so many meanings, de + a pronoun may be used following the noun: de Ud., de él, de ella, de Uds., de ellos and de ellas. los libros de ellos their books The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and the noun must be preceded by the definite article, except in direct address. When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English "of mine, of yours," etc. el libro mío my book Qué haces, hijo mío? What are you doing, my son? un amigo mío a friend of mine