Basic Statistics
Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.
The word statistics, when referring to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in "Statistics is an art. "This should not be confused with the word statistic, referring to a quantity (such as mean or median) calculated from a set of data, whose plural is statistics ("this statistic seems wrong" or "these statistics are misleading").
3 Aspects of Statistics -
~Descriptive statistics - Presenting and visualizing data
~Inferential statistics -Generalizing from samples to populations & Quantifying the extent to which observations can be generalized.
~Hypothesis Testing - Quantifying the extent to which experiments support stated hypothesis.
Levels of measurements - There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.[16] Each of these has different degrees of usefulness in statistical research. Ratio measurements have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data.[citation needed] Interval measurements have meaningful distances between measurements defined, but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit). Ordinal measurements have imprecise differences between consecutive values, but have a meaningful order to those values. Nominal measurements have no meaningful rank order among values.
Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically, sometimes they are grouped together as categorical variables, whereas ratio and interval measurements are grouped together as quantitative variables, which can be
The word statistics, when referring to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in "Statistics is an art. "This should not be confused with the word statistic, referring to a quantity (such as mean or median) calculated from a set of data, whose plural is statistics ("this statistic seems wrong" or "these statistics are misleading").
3 Aspects of Statistics -
~Descriptive statistics - Presenting and visualizing data
~Inferential statistics -Generalizing from samples to populations & Quantifying the extent to which observations can be generalized.
~Hypothesis Testing - Quantifying the extent to which experiments support stated hypothesis.
Levels of measurements - There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.[16] Each of these has different degrees of usefulness in statistical research. Ratio measurements have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data.[citation needed] Interval measurements have meaningful distances between measurements defined, but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit). Ordinal measurements have imprecise differences between consecutive values, but have a meaningful order to those values. Nominal measurements have no meaningful rank order among values.
Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically, sometimes they are grouped together as categorical variables, whereas ratio and interval measurements are grouped together as quantitative variables, which can be