· What are the ethical implications of an individual reward system? Support your answer. (250 words max.)…
Social exchange theory suggests that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. The purpose of this exchange is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. According to this theory, people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships. When the risks outweigh the rewards, people will terminate or abandon that relationship.…
According to Frank Schmalleger, “some theories of human behavior help us understand why certain people engage in acts that society defines as criminal or deviant, while others do not” (78). Once a theory is implemented it must be tested, with some of these trial an error tests come results thus either proving the theory or discrediting it due to the results.…
A wide array of interactions among plants, animals, and microorganisms occurs in nature. Some of these relationships are characterized by a close physical association among species that continues for a large period of the life cycle. In 1879 German botanist Heinrich Anton de Bary coined the term "symbiosis" to describe these relationships, meaning the living together of different species of organisms. Many people associate symbiosis with mutualism, interactions that are beneficial to the growth, survival, and/or reproduction of both interacting species. But symbiotic interactions also include commensalism (one species receives benefit from the association and the other is unaffected), amensalism (one species is harmed, with no effect on the other), and parasitism. An example of commensalism is found in the anemone fish, which gains protection from living among the poisonous tentacles of the sea anemone, but offers no known benefit to its host.…
*Social Exchange theory: We weigh the pros and cons of rewards and consequences of our actions…
If a person was walking and fell scattering a handful of paper, then more bystanders should help pick up papers if they saw another person helping out, in comparison to no one assisting them, because of the social exchange and conformity theory. The social exchange theory is also known cost-benefit analysis or as utilitarianism, where people debate on whether or not their act of kindness is a costly or a gain for them in the end. Conformity can be defined when a person changes their behavior in order to satisfy a group norm. This hypothesis reflects the findings from the Kitty Genovese which exemplified the bystander effect; the phenomenon where if there are more people present, fewer people will be willing to take action. This experiment was an attempt to create a norm, since the behavior that was being mimicked was to pick up the scattered papers.…
War is not only causes physical injuries, but emotional ones as well. Throughout history, soldiers returning from war have acquired emotional damage after enduring to the harsh conditions of combat. They suffer from illnesses such as PTSD or Post Traumatic Stress disorder, a disorder in which traumatizing experiences from the past still affect an individual to which they are unlike themselves anymore. Along with PTSD they suffer from moral injury, the pain that results from damage to a person's moral foundation. In All Quiet on The Western Front By Erich Maria Remarque and Thomas Hardy's’ “The Man He Killed” characters struggles with the emotional effects of war. Despite the internal struggle faced by Paul and the speaker from the poem, both…
“The consequences of an act affect the probability of it 's occurring again.” – B.F. Skinner. This quote relates to the ways of psychology that Skinner used to help shape it and life for the future. Famous for operant conditioning and negative reinforcement Skinner used these tools of thought to find the response and behavior of who or what he was testing. This was a form of behaviorism, which is the theory of learning based on an idea that behaviors are acquired through a way of conditioning. This is which I believe he is one of the most important psychologist of this time. By being rewarded for doing something good has been used all around the world, whether it be pets for doing a trick and later getting a treat. Or when a kid does something bad and is punished for it, he/she then learns to not repeat that action which is an example of operant conditioning. It goes to show how much of an influence this has been in our lives without use knowing.…
Theory: Classical, belief that humans operate under free will and an offender makes a choice to engage in criminal behavior believing benefits outweigh the costs.…
Due to the abnormal increase in the percentage of violent crimes from the past two decades, the investigative technique, most commonly referred to as criminal profiling, has rose in popularity both in practical use and media portrayals.…
Anybody is able to commit a crime or become a victim to a criminal offence. Gender is a significant factors to consider when analysing crime and victimization. In order to critically understand the reasons behind crime and victimization you must be able to recognise and analyse the influencing factors. This essay will focus on a few of the central arguments which include criminal behaviour of men and women, feminist criminology, hegemonic masculinity and gender victimization of sexual abuse.…
Behaviourists believe the environment controls behaviour, and that humans adapt to the environment and life experiences they encounter. How individuals learn is said to be through experience, developing skills and abilities are as a direct result of the learning experiences encountered. Skinner (1974) argued that learning is caused by the consequences of our actions. This means that people learn to associate actions with the pleasure or discomfort that follows. Skinner believed that learning could be explained using the idea of reinforcement which is referred to as ‘operant conditioning’. This is anything that can make behaviour stronger. Skinners work is used still today in many classroom settings. Students are motivated to complete a task by being promised a reward of some kind. Many times the reward takes the form of praise or a grade. Sometimes it is a token that can be traded in for some desired object; and at other times the reward may be the privilege of engaging in a self-selected activity. However, there are some limitations of using this approach as the overuse and misuse of techniques have been argued by Kohn (1993). Most of the criticisms of the use of reinforcement as a motivational incentive stem from the fact that it represents ‘extrinsic motivation’. That is a learner decides to engage in an activity to earn a reward that is not inherently related to the activity. Kohn suggest that this approach has potentially three dangers:…
The behavior theory claims that humans learn their behavior through experiences. They learn how to and commit crimes because they receive favorable incentives for committing the crimes. This theory ties into the social learning theory which claims that people learn their aggressive or criminal behaviors from watching others around them engage in these acts. Another interesting theory is the rational choice theory. The rational choice theory is used to describe why people commit crimes. Under the rational choice theory people weigh the cost and benefit of committing the crime. When the benefit outweighs the cost of the crime the individual or individuals are more likely to commit the crime.…
Purpose – The purpose of this article is to study and examine Hofstede’s thesis and to test his findings using a cross-cultural comparison of reward preferences in four different countries around the world.…
The connection between Operant conditioning and Vicarious Learning arises while side-way people observe the real and genuine response of actual customers after later ones experience this exchange service ‘live’, and happily and lucratively turn back home. Thus, the Operant Conditioning itself can occur indirectly through the Vicarious Learning by observing the consequences (observed positive reinforcement or observed punishment) of others behavior and then modifying own demeanor according to what have been observed. Hence, the Vicarious Learning doesn’t deal with conducting the behavior or experiencing consequences straightforwardly, but with observing, processing, learning and behaving as a corollary from this kind of indirect Operant Conditioning.…