Preview

Bio 201 muscle tissue essay

Better Essays
Open Document
Open Document
1344 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Bio 201 muscle tissue essay
Complete and submit Essay 4 (BIO201 LESN 10 Essay 4 N), as instructed below:
1. A patient is admitted for electroconvulsive treatment (ECT). The physician orders the neuromuscular blocking agent metocurine iodide (metubine) to reduce trauma by relaxing skeletal muscles. Explain the process of muscle contraction and how a neuromuscular blocking agent, such as metubine, would interfere with muscle contraction.

According to the Mayo Clinic website electroconvulsive treatment is the use of an electrical signal that sent through the brain to intentionally induce a brief seizure. They claim this procedure attempts to cause changes in a person's brain chemistry in to help alleviate symptoms of mental illness. It is typically administered when other methods of treatment have failed (Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - MayoClinic.com, n.d.). In a case where electroconvulsive treatment is recommended, a physician may order the use of a neuromuscular depolarizing agent such as metocurine iodide (metubine). This would interrupt skeletal muscles, without depolarizing the end plate (metocurine - PubChem., n.d.). To examine how interrupting skeletal muscle contractions work and the role acetylcholine plays, the role of an acetylcholine antagonists such as metubine becomes in the reduction of convulsive states during electroconvulsive therapy will be more clear.

In a nerves stimulus event an electrical signal is propagated through the length of the axon of a motor nerve. This electrical signal, also propagated through ion channels, causes the opening of calcium ion channels. These calcium ion channels , guided by the membrane potential,allow calcium ions to diffuse into the axon terminal of the motor neuron. As more calcium ions travel into the axon of the motor neuron, synaptic vesicles begin to form around acetylcholine and leave the axon of the motor neuron, entering the synaptic cleft through exocytosis (Hoehn and Marieb, 2007). Next, the acetylcholine now

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Satisfactory Essays

    Muscle Physiology Quiz

    • 1537 Words
    • 7 Pages

    46. The smooth sustained contraction that is a result of a high frequency of stimulation is:…

    • 1537 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    3. Answer the questions below. You may use your text and any other resources you wish, please be sure to cite your sources! Submit your answers as a word document to the week 3 dropbox.…

    • 385 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    When an impulse arrives at an axon terminal, the vesicles release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and attach themselves to receptors on the membrane of the neighboring cell. This stimulus causes positive sodium ions to rush across the cell membrane, stimulating the second cell. If the stimulation exceeds the cell’s threshold, a new impulse begins.…

    • 1017 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Fart

    • 1711 Words
    • 7 Pages

    Acetylcholine diffuses into the muscle fiber’s plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the motor end plate starting a change in ion permeability that results in a graded depolarization of the muscle plasma membrane.…

    • 1711 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    An activity that primarily utilizes type I muscle fibers is long distance running. Type I fibers are generally slow-twitch fibers, meaning they contract slowly and have a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis. Ectomorphs usually perform long distance running. In order to train slow twitch muscles (training slow twitch muscle fibers is for endurance purposes and other aerobic activities), one must increase the time under tension (TUT). Specifically, one must focus on doing higher reps (12-15) and low weights as well as doing the reps slowly with a shorter rest period than usual (possibly 30 seconds) in order to maximize and train the slow twitch muscle fibers. Slow twitch fibers are red, oxidative, contain a high content of myoglobin, utilize ATP slowly, produce a low amount of force, and have a high resistance to fatigue.…

    • 531 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    The chapter also features new high-quality, side-by-side cadaver photos with illustrations for easy comparison: the anterior and lateral regions of the neck (Figure…

    • 192537 Words
    • 771 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Weiner R. D., & Krystal, A.D. (February 1994). The present use of electroconvulsive therapy. Annual Review of Medicine, 45, 273-281.…

    • 2057 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    This can occur between one nerve cell and another, or it can take place between a nerve cell and a muscle cell. The region (synaptic cleft) found between the two cells, be it neuro-neuro or neuro-myo, is a fairly narrow space, averaging between 30mm and 50mm. This synaptic gap acts as a chemical mediator and must be utilized since direct electrical activity between the two cells is not possible. The process in which this occurs goes in the order as follows. First, there exists an action pulse. Once this pulse reaches the end of the cell (the terminals), a neurotransmitter, with the information that was being carried diffuses across the narrow space, binding itself to the receptors found in unique membranes of the receiving cell. The neurotransmitter, as a mediator, opens the channels of a number of ion species. This then leads to a resulting difference in the transmembrane potential. At this point, there exists two possible scenarios, one in which the membrane hyperpolarizes and one in which it depolarizes. This meaning that it is either an excitatory or an inhibitory postsynaptic…

    • 890 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    A lot of the controversial arguments of ECT are based on the history, side-effects and the inducement of the therapy. Many claim that physically inducing somebody to have a convulsion cannot possibly a form of therapy. What is to be noted is that the procedure is done in extreme circumstances and not as a punishment. In 1939 when ECT was introduced it replaced the drug Pentylenetetrazol (metrazol) which induced fits into individuals for them to make them better. It has to be said that when the treatment was used back then there was very little research done all that psychiatrist’s and scientists knew were that it works and had a relevant success rate the one research which helped bring ECT about was that Schizophrenics and Depressive individuals seemed to be much better after having an epileptic fit. ECT has little side effects which include; headaches, memory loss and a 1 in 50,000 chance of injury or death due to using the general anaesthetic which is no more chance than when dental anaesthetic is used on an individual. Modern day ECT is very safe you will be connected up to equipment which will monitor your heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels etc. and possibly an EEG machine which will monitor your brain wave levels when having the fit. You’re then giving general anaesthetic (needle inserted into hand) and a muscle relaxant which will stop you from having violent convulsions during the fit. You will then be giving an electric current which passes through your brain which is enough to power a 100w light bulb for a second. When the fit is happening it will be done while you are unconscious and because of the muscle relaxants you will not experience violent convulsions. Many just experience a few twitches in the toes. The fit will be induced for between 20 – 50 seconds and after which you should soon wake up and you may experience slight headaches and aching muscles. ECT treatment is usually used…

    • 897 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    The arrival of impulses at the synaptic terminal, calcium gated ion channels opens, the calcium ions goes into the cell. The nerve impulse is transmitted through the neurotransmitters to their point of synaptic fibre and the rise of calcium concentration makes presynaptic vesicles to join with the presynaptic membrane to release neurotransmitter. This neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft, it joins to receptor proteins on the point of synaptic membrane. The post synaptic membrane is made up of enzymes that are no longer active to the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine…

    • 436 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    1. Explain the effect that periods of recovery have on the force of a muscle, as compared to a continuous multiple stimulus fatigue.…

    • 1250 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    The Pros And Cons Of ECT

    • 254 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Many psychiatrists have halted in their usage of electroconvulsive therapy as a result of its occasionally forceful employment and lack of consent regulations. If a patient is not considered to be in their right mind, a psychiatrist will administer ECT with permission from patient families; however, they will not request the patient’s opinion. As a result of this force, many ECT practitioners have begun to take a stand against the procedure. With this in mind, by putting into place a stricter set of regulations as opposed to simply requesting the patient family’s judgement, a significant amount of ECT opposition can be eradicated. The patient’s opinion should still be taken into consideration when administering ECT since they are the ones undergoing the procedure, not their family.…

    • 254 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Nerve Signaling

    • 682 Words
    • 3 Pages

    When looking at the membrane potential, we can see that it is an unequal charge distribution relationship between the slight excess of positive charges outside the plasma membrane compared to the slight excess of negative charges inside. Outside of the plasma membrane is the extracellular fluid that contains high concentrations of sodium and chloride ions, and inside the plasma membrane known as cytosol, contains high concentrations of potassium. Changes in membrane potential results in opening of protein channels which allow these ions to pass freely through the membrane in relation to concentration. Sodium- potassium exchange pumps eject sodium and reclaim potassium in active transport that requires the usage of ATP. When the membrane potential of a pre-synaptic neuron changes, due to different chemical and neurotransmitter stimuli, these ions are released depending on the level of potential happening. “When an action potential starts, the graded potential depolarizes the membrane to a point called threshold potential.”(BOOK) During depolarization, the neurotransmitter is release and opens sodium channels with allows sodium ions to move into the cell. This action triggers the opening of potassium channels, allowing them to move out of the cell. Once the action potential message travels through the axon, it ends its journey at the axon…

    • 682 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Today I was able to familiarize myself with indication, contraindications and nursing care of ECT patient before, during and after the procedures. ECT is a medical treatment for severe mental illness in which a small, carefully controlled amount of electricity is introduced into the brain. This electrical stimulation, used in conjunction with anesthesia like propofol and muscle relaxant medications like saxicoline, produces a mild generalized seizure or convulsion. While used to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders, it is most effective in the treatment of severe depression, and provides the most rapid relief currently available for this illness. It is usually indicated when patients need rapid improvement because they are suicidal, self-injurious, refuse to eat or drink, cannot take medication as prescribed, or present some other danger to themselves. It‘s also used to provide relief from signs and symptoms of mental illnesses such as severe depression and schizophrenia. ECT is contraindicated in patient with brain tumors and other brain diseases that cause increased intracranial pressure.…

    • 470 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    of the brain and spinal cord. Neurones are found throughout the body with the majority found in the central nervous system. Neurones are specialized to process information in the body. Neurones convey this information to one another through the stimulation of a detector neurone. This causing a brief change in the electrochemical gradient resulting in the neurone moving away from its resting potential. This is known as an action potential. Once initiated the action potential travels the length of the axon reaching the pre-synaptic terminal where the synaptic cleft separates the following neurone. At the terminal neurotransmitters are stored ready to be released, across the synaptic gap, when the action potential arrives. The receptors on the post-synaptic neurone become occupied with the neurotransmitters resulting in a change in electrical charge. The neurotransmitters can either cause inhibition of the post-synaptic neurone, by suppressing the activity of the neurone and returning to the resting potential or excitation where by the activity of the neurone is increased. Each neurotransmitter resembles a lock and key whereby the neurotransmitters are specific to the receptor it fits.…

    • 592 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays